Alberto Núñez Feijóo's People's Party (PP), failed to form a government as they could not muster enough support to reach a parliamentary majority. After Feijóo failed in his investiture vote, King Felipe VI tasked Sánchez with forming a government.[3] The distribution of seats, after the election resulted in Sánchez being required to rely on Junts (with seven seats in Congress at the time) to vote in his favor to be able to form a government.[4][5] Junts had not supported him in the formation of previous governments, having voted against him in his July 2019 and January 2020 investiture votes.[6][7]
The starting position of Junts and Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) in negotiations were the amnesty of all participants in the 2017 Catalan independence referendum, and the possibility of holding a new referendum. Catalan Civil Society (SCC), a group opposed to Catalan independence, called a demonstration for 8 October, in response to a potential amnesty.[8] On 28 October Sánchez discussed the amnesty proposal at a PSOE Federal Committee, as part of government formation negotiations.[9][10]
Following the investment of Sanchez's government in the middle of November, the protests ceased, having failed to achieve their objectives.
Timeline
Preventive demonstrations against the amnesty in Madrid on 24 September 2023 (top) and in Barcelona on 8 October 2023 (bottom)
The People's Party (PP) called their first protest against a possible amnesty for the Catalan pro-independence supporters by Sánchez before Alberto Núñez Feijóo presented himself for investiture.[11] The protest took place in the Plaza de Felipe II in Madrid on the morning of September 24.[12][13] Feijóo was supported by former presidents José María Aznar and Mariano Rajoy, as well as by other PP barons such as Almeida and Ayuso.[11][12][14] A delegation of the government of the Community of Madrid estimated that more than 40,000 people attended the event, while the PP put the number at 60,000. There was no official confirmation of the number who attended. [12][14]
The acting vice-president Yolanda Díaz said about this event that the "proposal of the right wing is to set fire to Catalonia", while the president of the Generalitat of Catalonia, Pere Aragonès, said that the meeting of the PP was "a demonstration of hatred and revenge against Catalonia".[15]
28 October
Signs of protesters criticising Sánchez and the Catalan independence movement at an SCC demonstration in Barcelona, 8 October 2023
Before negotiations by Sánchez to form a government, SCC called a demonstration in Barcelona against the amnesty proposal.[16] Núñez Feijóo and Isabel Díaz Ayuso, of the PP, attended.[8][16]
29 October
After the amnesty was announced to be forming part of negotiations to form a Sánchez led government, a protest organised by a group linked to the Vox party took place in the Plaza de Colón in Madrid. According government of Madrid sources, 100,000 people attended.[17][18][19]
Feijóo, took part in a protest in Málaga with the president of Andalusia, Juanma Moreno of the PP, 11,000 people attended according to the National Police.[20][21]
3–5 November
Ferraz street during the demonstrations
On 3–5 November, demonstrations were held at the PSOE headquarters in Calle de Ferraz. The PP distanced itself from these protests but the protests were supported by the Vox party. A thousand people were reported to be at the demonstration.[17][22][23] Although the demonstration had not been communicated to the Government Delegation, the National Police was aware of it.[17][22][24]
On 4 November, the former president of the Senate of Spain Esperanza Aguirre of the PP called the amnesty to be put to a national referendum.[25][26][27] The same day, PSOE agreed to continue with the agreement with Sumar to form a government and to continue negotiating with the other parliamentary groups.[28] On 5 November, protests were held in Barcelona, Burgos, Córdoba, León, Socuéllamos, Valencia, Vigo and Villareal.[29][30][31]
7 November
On 7 November, there were demonstrations in Madrid, Barcelona, Badajoz, Valencia, Seville, El Puerto de Santa Maria, Oviedo, Salamanca, Tarragona, Zaragoza, Leon and Murcia.[10]
9 November
There were protests in front of the PSOE headquarters on Thursday, involving multiple confrontations with the police. Tensions began after protesters threw firecrackers at the police, and there were also reports of flares being thrown during the protest. Some protesters destroyed the fences that were protecting the headquarters of PSOE and there were also people chanting "Puigdemont, to prison", "Let Txapote vote for you", and "Sánchez traitor". The protests were dispersed, with 24 arrests made and 7 police officers injured.[32]
11 November
There were protests outside of the PSOE headquarters with protesters throwing objects at the police. The police responded with rubber bullets and tear gas against the protesters. When the police began to disperse the protests improvised sit-ins in Marques de Urquijo Street and arrests were made. In total, 9 arrests were made and 3 people were injured.[33]
12 November
Protests were called for by the PP and Vox and a reported 52 cities held protests, additionally a protest outside of the PSOE headquarters was 1,000 people attended.[34][35] In total, 13 arrests and there were reports of 6 people being injured.[36] The following table shows the number of participants in the protests by city:[37]
The Valencia Government Delegation reported 4,500 protestors in Castellón, including Castellón mayor Begoña Carrasco.[52] In Valencia, several people reportedly attacked journalist Matilde Alcaraz and her cameraman while covering the protests for À Punt.[53]
13 November
An estimated 80,000 people gathered in Madrid's Puerta del Sol square against the amnesty deal, while several other thousands gathered in cities across the country. Among the protesters was PP leadership, including former prime minister José María Aznar, Madrid regional premier Isabel Díaz Ayuso, and Madrid Madrid Mayor Jose Luis Martinez-Almeida.[54] Protesters were also present in the vicinity of the PSOE headquarters. Among those on Ferraz Street was Vox President Santiago Abascal, who was accompanied by American journalist and former Fox News anchor Tucker Carlson.[55] In Valencia, protesters were limited to 100 outside the headquarters of the Socialist Party of the Valencian Country (PPSV), a regional branch of the PSOE.[56]
Solidaridad, a trade union affiliated with Vox, called for a general strike for 24 November.[57] The strike was deemed illegal by the Spanish government despite being postulated within the 10-day announcement limit as the nature of the protests were deemed to be strictly political and not related to labor demands, in violation of strike laws.[58][59]
14 November
There were protests outside of the PSOE headquarters on Ferraz Street.[60] The Government Delegation reported 1,300 people there.[61] Protesters placed 20 inflatable dolls in the front row of the protest in order to mock the PSOE as "not a political party, but a strip club".[62][60][61] Protestors made anti-Sánchez chants to police to join their sides in the protests. There were also protesters outside of the Congress of Deputies.[63]
It was reported that 10 student associations, affiliated with Vox, protested in front of the Complutense Faculty of Law, while a smaller number of students protested at the University of Barcelona's Faculty of Law. The number of protesters were reported between 50-100 in Complutense, while 20 were reported at the University of Barcelona.[64][65]
Vox filed a complaint against Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez amidst his amnesty proposals to the Supreme Court of Spain for a precautionary suspension of his investiture, which did not happen.[66] The petition was rejected by the Court, noting that Santiago Abascal forgot to state what crime Sánchez had committed and even who he was complaining against.[67][68]
15 November
Variation on the Spanish flag used by some protesters
Protests outside of the PSOE headquarters occurred with protesters carrying the flags of Spain and making anti-Puigdemont chants. There were similar chanting from those of the previous protest.[69]
16 November
A protest reported to be 4,000 people by DW protesting after Sanchez's re-election. The protesters were reported to have thrown flares and other objects at police, who issued warnings to the protesters.[70]
17 November
A reduction in the number of protestors was noted, as only around 1,000 protesters were reported on Ferraz Street in Madrid.[71] The Unidades de Intervención Policial (UIP), a riot police sub-unit of the National Police Corps, were overseeing the protests. Present at the protest were Vox politicians, including Vice President Javier Ortega Smith and Junta de Castilla y León Vice President Juan García Gallardo. According to the Union of Federal Police (UFP), Ortega attempted to coerce the UIP by "directing police to accommodate his own interests", as well as not presenting his credentials as a member of the Congress of Deputies to the UIP as he had done on November 16.[72] The UFP reneged Ortega for "abusing his condition as a Deputy", as well as making a statement that "these police are the same ones that defended your boss, Mr. Abascal".[73] Ortega responded by stating that he had come with cameras in order to prevent violence in the protests. Ortega claimed he had information that some units of the UIP had committed excessive force that would "fall within the Penal Code as an abuse of authority"[74] When the protests ended, there was a large quantity of alcoholic containers and soda bottles for which a cleaning crew had to be called.[75]
.svg)