The estate of Jebtsundamba Khutugtu, the Great Shabi (from Mongolian shabi, disciple) in 1723, became independent from the four aimags in the sense that its subjects were exempt from most taxes and corvees. The shabi did not—except the three Darkhadotog in Khövsgöl—control territory. Rather, its subjects mostly lived among the general population. Similar shabis existed for other high lamas.[1]
Direct control
The direct-controlled Mongols (Chinese: 內屬蒙古) were banners (khoshuu) controlled by provinces, generals and ambasa. The following regions were directly controlled by the Manchu:
Dariganga - Qing emperor's pasture, where the best horses from both Inner and Outer Mongolia were collected and mastered by the Dariganga tribe. It was controlled from Kalgan. Today's location is Dariganga sum, Sukhbaatar province, Mongolia.
Inner Mongolia's[2] original 24 aimags (ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ) were replaced by 49 banners (khoshuus) that would later be organized into six leagues (chuulgans, assemblies). The eight Chakhar banners and the two Tümed banners around Guihua were directly administered by the Manchu.
Outer Mongolia aimags under Qing rule (1820 years)
The Khalkha aimags were preserved—with the notable exception of the establishment of Sain Noyan aimag in 1725. Each aimag had a chigulgan, usually named after the place (mountains or rivers) where it convened. The aimags were divided into banners - whose number increased from originally eight eventually to 86—and further into sums.[3] A sum consisted of 150 men fit for military service, a bag of 50.[4] A military governor was installed in Uliastai, and two civil governors (amban) in Khüree and in Kobdo.
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