Art Deco spire of the Chrysler Building in New York City; designed by William Van Alen; built 1928–1930.
Terracotta sunburst design above front doors of the Eastern Columbia Building in Los Angeles; built 1930.
File:Lempicka musician.jpg
Tamara de Lempicka, "The Musician", 1929 (oil on canvas).

Art Deco (/ˌɑːrt ˈdɛkoʊ/), or Deco, is an influential visual arts design style which first appeared in France during the 1920s, flourished internationally during the 30s and 40s, then waned in the post-World War II era.[1] It is an eclectic style that combines traditional craft motifs with Machine Age imagery and materials. The style is often characterized by rich colors, bold geometric shapes, and lavish ornamentation.

Deco emerged from the Interwar period when rapid industrialization was transforming culture. One of its major attributes is an embrace of technology. This distinguishes Deco from the organic motifs favored by its predecessor Art Nouveau.

Historian Bevis Hillier defined Art Deco as "an assertively modern style...[that] ran to symmetry rather than asymmetry, and to the rectilinear rather than the curvilinear; it responded to the demands of the machine and of new material...[and] the requirements of mass production."[2]

During its heyday Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, and faith in social and technological progress.

Etymology

The first use of the term Art Deco has been attributed to architect Le Corbusier who penned a series of articles in his journal L'Esprit nouveau under the headline 1925 Expo: Arts Déco. He was referring to the 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes (International Exposition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts).[3]

The term was used more generally in 1966 when a French exhibition celebrating the 1925 event was held under the title Les Années 25: Art Déco/Bauhaus/Stijl/Esprit Nouveau.[4] Here the phrase was used to distinguish French decorative crafts of the Belle Epoque from those of later periods.[3] The term ‘Art Deco’ has since been applied to a wide variety of works produced during the Interwar period (L'Entre Deux Guerres), and even to those of the Bauhaus in Germany. However Art Deco originated in France. It has been argued that the term should be applied to French works and those produced in countries directly influenced by France.[5]

Art Deco gained currency as a broadly applied stylistic label in 1968 when historian Bevis Hillier published the first book on the subject: Art Deco of the 20s and 30s.[2] Hillier noted that the term was already being used by art dealers and cites The Times (2 November 1966) and an essay on Les Arts Déco in Elle magazine (November 1967) as examples of prior usage.[6] In 1971 Hillier organized an exhibition at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts then published a book about it: The World of Art Deco.[7]

Origins

Joseph Csaky, Deux figures, 1920, relief, limestone, polychrome, 80 cm. Exhibited Léonce Rosenberg, Galerie de L'Effort Moderne (1920), now at Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo, Holland

Some historians trace Deco's roots to the Universal Exposition of 1900.[8] After this show a group of artists established an informal collective known as La Société des artistes décorateurs (Society of Decorator Artists) to promote French crafts. Among them were Hector Guimard, Eugène Grasset, Raoul Lachenal, Paul Bellot, Maurice Dufrêne, and Emile Decoeur. These artists are said to have influenced the principles of Art Deco.[9]

The Art Deco era is often dated from 1925 when the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes was organized to showcase new ideas in applied arts.[3][10][11][12] Yet Deco was heavily influenced by pre-modern art from around the world, and observable at the Musée du Louvre, Musée de l'Homme and the Musée national des Arts d'Afrique et d'Océanie. During the 1920s affordable travel permitted in situ exposure to other cultures. There was also popular interest in archeology due to excavations at Pompeii, Troy, the tomb of Tutankhamun etc. Artists and designers integrated motifs from ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome, Asia, Mesoamerica, and Oceania with Machine Age elements.[13][14][15][16][17][18]

Deco was also influenced by Cubism, Constructivism, Functionalism, Modernism, and Futurism.[15][19]

In 1905, before the onset of Cubism, Eugène Grasset wrote and published Méthode de Composition Ornementale, Éléments Rectilignes[20] within which he systematically explores the decorative (ornamental) aspects of geometric elements, forms, motifs and their variations, in contrast with (and as a departure from) the undulating Art Nouveau style of Hector Guimard, so popular in Paris a few years earlier. Grasset stresses the principle that various simple geometric shapes (e.g., the triangle, the square) are the basis of all compositional arrangements.[21]

At the 1907 Salon d'Automne (Paris) Georges Braque exhibited Viaduc à l'Estaque (a proto-Cubist work), now at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts. Simultaneously, there was a retrospective exhibition of 56 works by Paul Cézanne, as a tribute to the artist who died in 1906. Cézanne was interested in the simplification of forms to their geometric essentials: the cylinder, the sphere, the cone.

Paul Iribe created for the couturier Paul Poiret esthetic designs that shocked the Parisian milieu with its novelty. These illustrations were compiled into an album, Les Robes de Paul Poiret racontée par Paul Iribe, published in 1908.[22]

Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, 15 Avenue Montaigne, Paris. Opened in 1913, designed by French architect Auguste Perret, with bas-reliefs Antoine Bourdelle

At the 1910 Salon des Indépendants Jean Metzinger, Henri Le Fauconnier and Robert Delaunay, shown together in Room 18, elaborated upon Cézannian syntax, revealing to the general public for the first time a 'mobile perspective' in their art, soon to become known as Cubism. Several months later the Salon d'Automne saw the invitation of Munich artists who for several years had been working with simple geometric shapes. Leading up to 1910 and culminating in 1912, the French designers André Mare and Louis Sue turned towards the quasi-mystical Golden ratio, in accord with Pythagorean and Platonic traditions, giving their works a Cubist sensibility.

Between 1910 and 1913, Paris saw the construction of the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, 15 avenue Montaigne, another sign of the radical aesthetic change experienced by the Parisian milieu of the time. The rigorous composition of its facade, designed by Auguste Perret, is a major example of early Art Deco.[23][24] The building includes an exterior bas relief by Antoine Bourdelle, a dome by Maurice Denis, paintings by Édouard Vuillard and Jacqueline Marval, and a stage curtain design by Ker-Xavier Roussel.

The artists of the Section d'Or exhibited (in 1912) works considerably more accessible to the general public than the analytical cubism of Picasso and Braque. The Cubist vocabulary was poised to attract fashion designers, furniture and interior designers.[25]

These revolutionary changes occurring at the outset of the 20th century are summarized in the 1912 writings of André Vera. Le Nouveau style, published in the journal L'Art décoratif expressed the rejection of Art Nouveau forms (asymmetric, polychrome and picturesque), and called for simplicité volontaire, symétrie manifeste, l'ordre et l'harmonie; themes that would eventually become ubiquitous within the context of Art Deco.[26]

Order, color and geometry: the essence of Art Deco vocabulary was made manifest before 1914.

Raymond Duchamp-Villon, 1912, La Maison Cubiste (Cubist House) at the Salon d'Automne, 1912, detail of the entrance. Photograph by Duchamp-Villon

Several years after World War I, in 1927 the Cubists Joseph Csaky, Jacques Lipchitz, Louis Marcoussis, Henri Laurens, the sculptor Gustave Miklos and others collaborated in the decoration of a Studio House, rue Saint-James, Neuilly-sur-Seine, designed by the architect Paul Ruaud, and owned by the French fashion designer Jacques Doucet: also a collector of Post-Impressionist and Cubist paintings (including Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, which he bought directly from Picasso's studio). Laurens designed the fountain, Csaky designed Doucet's staircase, Lipchitz made the fireplace mantel, Marcoussis made a Cubist rug.[27][28][29][30]

La Maison Cubiste (Cubist House)

In the Art Décoratif section of the 1912 Salon d'Automne an architectural installation was exhibited that quickly became known as Maison Cubiste (Cubist House), signed Raymond Duchamp-Villon and André Mare along with a group of collaborators. "Mare's ensembles were accepted as frames for Cubist works because they allowed paintings and sculptures their independence", writes Christopher Green, "creating a play of contrasts, hence the involvement not only of Gleizes and Metiznger themselves, but of Marie Laurencin, the Duchamp brothers (Raymond Duchamp-Villon designed the facade) and Mare's old friends Léger and Roger de La Fresnaye".[31] La Maison Cubiste was a fully furnished house, with a staircase, wrought iron banisters, a living room—the Salon Bourgeois, where paintings by Marcel Duchamp, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Marie Laurencin and Fernand Léger were hung—and a bedroom. It was an early example of L'art décoratif, a home within which Cubist art could be displayed in the comfort and style of modern, bourgeois life. Spectators at the Salon d'Automne passed through the full-scale 10-by-3-meter plaster model of the ground floor of the facade.[32] This architectural installation was subsequently exhibited at the 1913 Armory Show, New York, Chicago and Boston,[33] listed in the catalogue of the New York exhibit as Raymond Duchamp-Villon, number 609, and entitled "Facade architectural, plaster" (Façade architecturale).[34][35]

Attributes

Deco emphasizes geometric forms: spheres, polygons, rectangles, trapezoids, zigzags, chevrons, and sunburst motifs. Elements are often arranged in symmetrical patterns. Modern materials such as aluminum, stainless steel, Bakelite, chrome, and plastics are frequently used. Stained glass, inlays, and lacquer are also common. Colors tend to be vivid and high-contrast.[13][14][15][36][37][38]

Influence

Art Deco was a globally popular style and affected many areas of design. It was used widely in consumer products such as automobiles, furniture, cookware, china, textiles, jewelry, clocks, and electronic items such as radios, telephones, jukeboxes. It also influenced architecture, interior design, industrial design, fashion, graphic arts, and cinema.

During the 1930s Art Deco was used extensively for public works projects, railway stations,[39] ocean liners (including the Île de France, Queen Mary, Normandie), movie palaces, and amusement parks.

The austerities imposed by World War II caused Art Deco to decline in popularity: it was perceived by some as gaudy and inappropriately luxurious.[citation needed] A resurgence of interest began during the 1960s.[11][15][40] Deco continues to inspire designers and is often used in contemporary fashion, jewelry, and toiletries.[41]

Chrysler Airflow sedan; designed by Carl Breer; 1934.

Streamline Moderne

Main article: Streamline Moderne

A style related to Art Deco is Streamline Moderne (or Streamline) which emerged during the 1930s. Streamline was influenced by modern aerodynamic principles developed for aviation and ballistics to reduce air friction at high velocities. Designers applied these principles to cars, trains, ships, and even objects not intended to move such as refrigerators, gas pumps, and buildings.[14]

One of the first production vehicles in this style was the Chrysler Airflow of 1933. It was unsuccessful commercially but the beauty and functionality of its design set a precedent.[42]

Streamlining quickly influenced automotive design and evolved the rectangular "horseless carriage" into sleek vehicles with aerodynamic lines, symmetry, and V-shapes. These designs continued to be popular after World War II.[43][44][45]

Bullocks Wilshire, Los Angeles, John and Donald Parkinson, 1929
Cochise County Courthouse doors, Bisbee, Arizona, 1931. Architect: Roy W. Place

Surviving examples

United States

The U.S. has many examples of art-deco architecture. New York, Chicago, and Detroit have many art deco buildings: The famous skyscrapers are the best-known, but notable art deco buildings can be found in various neighborhoods. Detroit's many examples of art-deco architecture include the Fisher, Guardian and Penobscot Buildings, all of which are now National Historic Landmarks. Los Angeles, California, also has much art-deco architecture, in particular along Wilshire Boulevard, a main thoroughfare that experienced a period of intense construction activity during the 1920s. Notable examples include the Bullocks Wilshire building and the Pellissier Building and Wiltern Theatre, built in 1929 and 1931 respectively. Both buildings experienced recent restoration.[46][47]

Miami Beach, Florida, has a large collection of art-deco buildings, with some thirty blocks of hotels and apartment houses dating from the 1920s to the 1940s. In 1979, the Miami Beach Architectural District[48] was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Nearly all the buildings have been restored and painted in their original pastel colors.[49]

Art deco was popular during the later years of the movie palace era of theatre construction. Excellent examples of art deco theatres, such as the Fargo Theatre in Fargo, North Dakota still exist throughout the United States.

Fair Park, located in Dallas, Texas, is a large collection of art deco structures. Much of the art deco heritage of Tulsa, Oklahoma remains from that city's oil boom days.[50] Houston, Texas has some buildings surviving, such as the Houston City Hall, the JPMorgan Chase Building, Ezekiel W. Cullen Building, and the 1940 Air Terminal Museum.[51] In Beaumont, the Jefferson County Courthouse, Kyle Building and the First National Bank Building are some of the few art deco buildings still in the city.

Hoover Dam is a somewhat unusual example of art deco design. Many dam guides state that the design was to be Gothic Revival, including the installation of gargoyles with water shooting out of their mouths.[citation needed] The recently opened Smith Center in Downtown Las Vegas incorporates many design elements from Hoover Dam and, therefore, is a contemporary example of the use of art deco design elements.

Kansas City is home to the Kansas City Power and Light Building, which was completed in 1931. This building is a good example of the Great Depression and its effect on art deco construction. Original plans were for a twin tower to be built next to it on its west side. However, it was never built due to financial constraints. As a result, the 476-foot (145 m) tower has a bare west side, with no windows. Other examples of art deco buildings in Kansas City include Municipal Auditorium (Kansas City), the Jackson County Courthouse (Kansas City, Missouri), Kansas City City Hall; and 909 Walnut.

Minneapolis has the Foshay Tower, which was finished in 1929. The building was built right before the Great Depression and is one of, if not the only obelisk shaped office building in the world. Minneapolis also has the Rand Tower and the Wells Fargo Center, an example of modern art deco architecture. Neighboring St. Paul has the First National Bank Building and the Saint Paul City Hall. The city of Rochester, Minnesota houses the Plummer Building, the original building for the world-famous Mayo Clinic, which was built in 1927.

Cincinnati, Ohio, houses the Cincinnati Union Terminal, an art-deco-style passenger railroad station that began operation in 1933. After the decline of railroad travel, most of the building was converted to other uses. It now serves as the Cincinnati Museum Center, which serves more than one million visitors per year and is the 17th most visited museum in the United States.[52][53] Cincinnati is also home to the Carew Tower, a 49-story art deco skyscraper built in 1931.

In 2005, the largest residential restoration project in the country and the largest collection of art deco buildings in New Jersey began at the 14-acre (57,000 m2) site of the former Jersey City Medical Center. The conversion of the national historic site to a residential enclave had as of 2009 been completed on three of the several buildings on the site.

Flint, Michigan is also home to The Paterson Building. The Paterson Building has extensive art deco throughout the interior and exterior. More pictures of the Paterson Building can be found at [1].

Syracuse, New York is home to the Niagara Mohawk Building, completed in 1932 and listed as a National Historic Landmark. Niagara Mohawk was considered in the 1930s to be the nation's most powerful electricity supplier, thus the building emphasiszed a vast futuristic look with an electric style embedded into it.

Canada

In Canada Art Deco structures that survives are mainly in urban centres like Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. They range from public buildings like Vancouver City Hall to commercial buildings (College Park (Toronto)) to public works (R. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant). Toronto host the vast majority of Art Deco buildings built and surviving.

Latin America

Kavanagh building, Buenos Aires. 1934 design by Gregorio Sánchez, Ernesto Lagos, Luis María de la Torre.

Some of the finest surviving examples of art deco art and architecture are found in Cuba, especially in Havana. The Bacardi Building is noted for its particular art deco style.[54] The style is expressed by the architecture of residences, businesses, hotels, and many pieces of decorative art, furniture, and utensils in public buildings, as well as in private homes.[2]

Another country with many examples of art deco architecture is Brazil, especially in Porto Alegre, Goiânia and cities like Cipó (Bahia), Iraí (Rio Grande do Sul) and Rio de Janeiro, especially in Copacabana. Also in the Brazil's north-east – notably in cities such as Campina Grande in the state of Paraíba – there are art deco buildings which have been termed "Sertanejo Art Deco" because of their peculiar architectural features.[55] The reason for the style being so widespread in Brazil is its coincidence with the fast growth and radical economic changes of the country during the 1930s.

In Santiago, Chile, the Hotel Carrera (no longer a hotel) is a very fine example of art deco architecture. Art deco buildings are also numerous in Montevideo, Uruguay, including the Palacio Salvo, which was South America's tallest building when it was built in the late 1920s. Another example of art deco in Latin America is the Edificio El Moro in Mexico which has the Loteria Nacional nowadays, it was also the biggest building of Mexico City at the time it was completed

Edificio El Moro, Mexico City. 1945 design by Manuel Ortiz Monasterio, Bernardo Calderón, Luis Ávila and José Antonio Cuevas.

In Argentina, architect Alejandro Virasoro introduced art deco in 1926 and developed the use of reinforced concrete, with the Banco El Hogar Argentino and the Casa del Teatro (both in Buenos Aires) being his most important works. The Kavanagh building (1934), by Sánchez, Lagos and de la Torre, was the tallest reinforced concrete structure at its time, and a notable example of late art deco style. In the Buenos Aires Province, architect Francisco Salamone designed cemetery portals, city halls and slaughterhouses commissioned by the provincial government in the 1930s; his designs combined art deco with futurism. In Rosario, Santa Fe, the Palacio Minetti is the most representative art deco piece.

Europe

United Kingdom

Former Express Building (1939) in Manchester, designed by Sir Owen Williams.

During the 1930s, art deco had a noticeable effect on house design in the United Kingdom,[15] as well as the design of various public buildings.[11] Straight, white-rendered house frontages rising to flat roofs, sharply geometric door surrounds and tall windows, as well as convex-curved metal corner windows, were all characteristic of that period.[40][56][57]

In London, the former Arsenal Stadium has the famous East Stand facade. It remains at the Arsenal football club's old home at Highbury, London Borough of Islington, which was vacated in the summer of 2006. Opened in October 1936, the structure now has Grade II listed status and has been converted into apartments. William Bennie, the organizer of the project, famously used the art deco style in the final design which was considered one of the most opulent and impressive stands of world football. The London Underground is also famous for many examples of art deco architecture.[58] Du Cane Court, in Balham, south-west London, is a good example of the art deco style. It was reckoned to be possibly the largest block of privately owned apartments under one roof in Britain at the time it was built, and the first to employ pre-stressed concrete. It has a grand reception area and is surrounded by Japanese-style gardens; and it has had many famous residents, especially from the performing arts. Elsewhere in south-west London, is the famous Battersea Power Station, which has appeared in films and artwork including the cover of Pink Floyd's 1977 album Animals (Pink Floyd album). Partially built in the 1930s, the building retains its powerful Art Deco facade.

In North West England, the buildings and structures related to the Queensway Tunnel which connects Liverpool and Birkenhead are distinctly Art Deco. Other notable Art Deco buildings in Liverpool include Philharmonic Hall and the former terminal building at Liverpool Airport - now the Crowne Plaza LJLA.

Spain

Valencia was built profusely in art deco style during the period of economic bounty between wars in which Spain remained neutral. Particularly remarkable are the famous bath house Las Arenas, the building hosting the rectorship of the University of Valencia and the cinemas Rialto (currently the Filmoteca de la Generalitat Valenciana), Capitol (reconverted into an office building) and Metropol.

Germany

The "Rudolf Mosse Publishing House" altered by Erich Mendelsohn in 1923. Jerusalemer St., Berlin

In Germany two variations of art deco flourished in the 1920s and 30s: The Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity) employed the same curving horizontal lines and nautical motifs that are known as Streamline Moderne in the Anglophone world. While Neue Sachlichkeit was rather austere and reduced (eventually merging with the Bauhaus style), Expressionist architecture came up with a more emotional use of shapes, colours and textures, partly reinterpreting shapes from the Germany and Baltic Brick Gothic style. Notable examples are Erich Mendelsohn's Mossehaus and Schaubühne theater in Berlin, Fritz Höger's Chilehaus in Hamburg and his Kirche am Hohenzollernplatz in Berlin, the Anzeiger Tower in Hannover and the Borsig Tower in Berlin. Art deco architecture was revived in the late-20th century by architects like Hans Kollhoff (see his tower on Potsdamer Platz), Jan Kleihues and Tobias Nöfer.

Romania

As a result of the inter-war period of rapid development, cities in Romania have numerous art deco buildings, including government buildings, hotels, and private houses. The best representative in this regard is the capital, Bucharest, which, despite the widespread destruction of its architecture during Communist times, still has many art deco examples, both on its main boulevards and in the lesser known parts of the city.[59][60][61] Ploieşti also has many art deco houses.[62]

Lithuania

Like Romania, Lithuania too had a booming Inter-War industrial boom. One city in particular, Kaunas, primarily grew. This resulted in the rapid modernization of the city. At this time it became the temporary capital of Lithuania. Many buildings around the city were built in the Bauhaus style. Vytautas the Great War Museum, built in 1936, is a large museum located downtown in Kaunas, along with the Central Post Building and the Pienocentras HQ Building (1934) are the three most prominent art deco structures in the city. Today many of theses buildings still stand, apartment complexes and large government buildings alike survive from this time, even through the Nazi and Soviet occupations of Kaunas.

Brussels

One of the largest art deco buildings in Western Europe is the Basilica of the Sacred Heart in Koekelberg, Brussels. In 1925, architect Albert van Huffel won the Grand Prize for Architecture with his scale model of the basilica at the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes in Paris.[63]

Asia

New India Assurance Building, Mumbai, India: Master, Sarhe and Bhuta, with N.G. Parsare, 1936

Mumbai has the second largest number of art deco buildings after Miami.[64] The art deco style was also adopted in Chennai between the 1920s and 1940s though it was utilized to a lesser extent.[65]

In Indonesia, the largest stock of Dutch East Indies-era buildings is found in the large cities of Java. Bandung has one of the largest remaining collections of 1920s art deco buildings in the world,[66] including those by several Dutch architects and planners, notably Albert Aalbers's DENIS bank (1936) in Braga Street and the renovated Savoy Homann Hotel (1939). Others were Thomas Karsten, Henri Maclaine Pont, J Gerber and C.P.W. Schoemaker. The Sociëteit Concordia (now Merdeka Building) is a historic building in Bandung designed by Van Galen Last and C.P. Wolff Schoemaker. In Jakarta, surviving art deco buildings include the Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij building (1929), now the Museum Bank Mandiri, by J. de Bryun, A. P. Smiths, and C. Van de Linde; the Jakarta Kota Station (1929) designed by Frans Johan Louwrens Ghijsels, and the Metropole Cinema in Menteng.

In China, at least sixty buildings designed by Hungarian architect Laszlo Hudec survive in downtown Shanghai of which many are art deco.[67]

In Japan, the 1933 residence of Prince Asaka in Tokyo is an art-deco house turned museum.

In the Philippines, art deco buildings are found mostly in Manila, Iloilo City, and Sariaya. The best examples of these are the older buildings of the Far Eastern University and the Manila Metropolitan Theater, which are both in Manila.

Examples of art deco architecture in Malaysia include the Central Market, the Odeon Cinema and the Lee Rubber Building in Kuala Lumpur, and the Standard Chartered Building and the OCBC Bank Building in George Town, Penang.

In Hong Kong Art Deco survivors are a few (The Peninsula Hong Kong 1928, Bank of China Building (Hong Kong) 1952) with high profile buildings demolished to make way for the modern skylines (HSBC Building 1935, demolished 1978). Residential buildings in Hong Kong Island and Kowloon used basic Art Deco theme at a much smaller scale.[68] Although Star Ferry Pier, Central and Tsim Sha Tsui Ferry Pier (both built 1957 and former demolished 2006) were both Streamline Moderne but with some Art Deco elements.

Oceania

New Zealand

The town of Napier, New Zealand, was rebuilt in the art deco style after being largely razed by the Hawke's Bay earthquake of 3 February 1931 and is the world's most consistently art deco city. Although a few art deco buildings were replaced with contemporary structures during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, most of the centre remained intact long enough to become recognized as architecturally unique, and from the 1990s onwards had been protected and restored. As of 2007, Napier has been nominated for UNESCO World Heritage Site status, the first cultural site in New Zealand to be nominated.[69][70] According to the World Heritage Trust, when Napier is compared to the other cites noted for their art deco architecture, such as Miami Beach, Santa Barbara, Bandung in Indonesia (planned originally as the future capital of Java), and Asmara in Eritrea (built by the Italians as a model colonial city), "none... surpass Napier in style and coherence.[71]

Hastings was also rebuilt in art deco style after the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake, and many fine art deco buildings survive.

Wellington has retained a sizeable number of art deco buildings, in spite of constant post-World War II development.[72]

Former Russell Street Police Headquarters, 1940-43, Melbourne, Australia

Australia

See also: List of Art Deco buildings in Sydney, List of Art Deco buildings in Melbourne, List of Art Deco buildings in Tasmania, and List of Art Deco buildings in Perth

Australia also has many surviving examples of art deco architecture. Among the most notable are Sydney's ANZAC War Memorial, 'mini-skyscrapers', such as the Grace Building (Sydney) and the Manchester Unity Building (Melbourne) featuring purely decorative towers to circumvent the height restriction laws of the time; the AWA Tower in Sydney, consists of a radio transmission tower atop a 15-story building; and the former Russell Street Police Headquarters in Melbourne, with its main multi-storey brick building designed by architect Percy Edgar Everett, reminiscent of the design of the Empire State Building.

In St Kilda, Victoria, the Palais and the Astor theatres are considered some of the finest surviving art deco buildings in Australia, while many rural towns such as Wagga Wagga, Albury and Griffith also have significant amounts of art deco buildings and homes.

Africa

Africa's most celebrated examples of art deco were built in Eritrea during Italian rule. Many buildings survive in Asmara, the capital, and elsewhere.

Also there are many buildings in downtown Casablanca, Morocco's economic capital. During Portuguese colonial rule in Angola and Mozambique, a large number of buildings were erected especially in the capital cities of Luanda and Maputo. Cities in South Africa also contain examples of art-deco design such as the City Hall, in Benoni, Gauteng, constructed in 1937. There are a few art deco buildings in Egypt, one of the most famous being the former Cadillac dealership in downtown Cairo and Casa d'Italia in Port Said (1936)— designed by the famous Italian architect Clemente Busiri Vici.

Gallery

See also

See also: Category:Art Deco architecture, Category:Art Deco ships, Category:Art Deco sculptures and memorials, Category:Art Deco games, Category:Art Deco architects, Category:Art Deco artists, Category:Art Deco designers, and Category:Art Deco sculptors

References

  1. ^ Hillier, Bevis (1968). Art Deco of the 20s and 30s. Studio Vista. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-289-27788-1.
  2. ^ a b c Hillier, Bevis (1968). Art Deco of the 20s and 30s. Studio Vista. ISBN 978-0-289-27788-1.
  3. ^ a b c Benton, Charlotte; Benton, Tim; Wood, Ghislaine (2003). Art Deco: 1910–1939. Bulfinch. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8212-2834-0.
  4. ^ Bayer, Patricia (1992). Art Deco Architecture: design, decoration and detail from the twenties and thirties. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 12.
  5. ^ "Suzanne Tise, Museum of Modern Art, MoMA, Grove Art Online, 2009 Oxford University Press". Moma.org. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  6. ^ Benton, Charlotte; Benton, Tim; Wood, Ghislaine (2003). Art Deco: 1910–1939. Bulfinch. p. 430. ISBN 978-0-8212-2834-0.
  7. ^ Hillier, Bevis (1971). The World of Art Deco: An Exhibition Organized by The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, June- September 1971. E.P. Dutton. ISBN 978-0-525-47680-1.
  8. ^ "Société des Artistes Décorateurs: Definition from". Answers.com. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
  9. ^ Duncan, Alastair (1988). Encyclopedia of Art Deco. Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7472-0083-3.
  10. ^ Scarlett; Townley (1975). Arts Décoratifs 1925: A Personal Recollection of the Paris Exhibition. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-85670-257-9.
  11. ^ a b c Fell, Charlotte; Fell, Peter (2006). Design Handbook: Concepts, Materials and Styles (1 ed.). Taschen. ((cite book)): |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Cite error: The named reference "Design Handbook" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  12. ^ "The Paris 1925 Exhibition". V&A Publishers. Archived from the original on 4 November 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2008. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ a b Wood, Ghislaine. Essential Art Deco. London: VA&A Publications. ISBN 0-8212-2833-1. Cite error: The named reference "Essential Art Deco" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  14. ^ a b c Hauffe, Thomas (1998). Design: A Concise History (1 ed.). London: Laurence King. Cite error: The named reference "Design: A Concise History" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  15. ^ a b c d e "Art Deco Style". Museum of London. Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2008. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) Cite error: The named reference "Art Deco Style" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  16. ^ "Art Deco Study Guide". Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 25 October 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2008. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Juster, Randy. "Introduction to Art Deco". decopix.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2008. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "How Art Deco came to be". University Times. 36 (4). University of Pittsburgh. 9 October 2003. Retrieved 07/11/2008. ((cite journal)): Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  19. ^ Jirousek, Charlotte (1995). "Art, Design and Visual Thinking". Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2008. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ "Eugène Grasset, ''Méthode de composition ornementale, Éléments rectilignes'', 1905, Librarie Centrale des Beaux-Arts, Paris (in French)" (in Template:Fr icon). Gallica.bnf.fr. Retrieved 18 December 2012.((cite web)): CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  21. ^ "Eugène Grasset, ''Méthode de composition ornementale'', 1905, Full Text (in French)". Archive.org. 10 March 2001. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  22. ^ Les Robes de Paul Poiret racontée par Paul Iribe, P. Poiret, 1908, Paris
  23. ^ Théâtre des Champs-Élysées Review Fodor's Travel Guide
  24. ^ Peter Collins, Concrete: The Vision of a New Architecture, New York, Horizon Press, 1959
  25. ^ La Section d'or, 1912-1920-1925, Cécile Debray, Françoise Lucbert, Musées de Châteauroux, Musée Fabre, exhibition catalogue, Éditions Cercle d'art, Paris, 2000
  26. ^ André Vera, Le Nouveau style, published in L'Art décoratif, January 1912, pp. 21-32
  27. ^ Joseph Csaky's staircase in the home of jacques Doucet. Books.google.es. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  28. ^ Aestheticus Rex (14 April 2011). "Jacques Doucet's Studio St. James at Neuilly-sur-Seine". Aestheticusrex.blogspot.com.es. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  29. ^ ''The Modernist Garden in France'', Dorothée Imbert, 1993, Yale University Press. Books.google.es. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  30. ^ Joseph Csáky: A Pioneer of Modern Sculpture, Edith Balas, 1998, p. 5. Books.google.es. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  31. ^ Christopher Green, Art in France: 1900-1940, Chapter 8, Modern Spaces; Modern Objects; Modern People, 2000
  32. ^ La Maison Cubiste, 1912
  33. ^ Kubistische werken op de Armory Show
  34. ^ Duchamp-Villon's Façade architecturale, 1913
  35. ^ "Catalogue of international exhibition of modern art: at the Armory of the Sixty-ninth Infantry, 1913, Duchamp-Villon, Raymond, Facade Architectural
  36. ^ Fisher, Carol. "Art Deco – The Modern Style". Archived from the original on 30 October 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2008. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ Kapty, Patrick (1999). "Art Deco: 1920 – 1930". Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2008. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ "Art Deco Jewelry". StudioSoft. 2007. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2008. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ "Art Deco Train Stations". agilitynut.com. Archived from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2008. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ a b Heindorf, Anne (24 July 2006). "Art Deco (1920s to 1930s)". Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2008. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) Cite error: The named reference "Art Deco (1920s to 1930s)" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  41. ^ Gaunt, Pamela (2005). "The Decorative in Twentieth Century Art: A Story of Decline and Resurgence" (PDF). ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  42. ^ Gartman, David (1994). Auto Opium. Routledge. pp. 122–124. ISBN 978-0-415-10572-9.
  43. ^ "Curves of Steel: Streamlined Automobile Design". Phoenix Art Museum. 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  44. ^ Armi, C. Edson (1989). The Art of American Car Design. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-271-00479-2.
  45. ^ Hinckley, James (2005). The Big Book of Car Culture: The Armchair Guide to Automotive Americana. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-7603-1965-9.
  46. ^ Bariscale, Floyd (2007). "Big Orange Landmarks No. 56". Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  47. ^ Bariscale, Floyd (2008). "Big Orange Landmarks No. 118". Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  48. ^ "Our Mission Statemente". Miami Design Preservation League. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  49. ^ Brown, Joseph (2009). "Miami Beach Art Deco". Miami Beach Magazine. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 15 February 2010. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  50. ^ "Tulsa's Art Deco Heritage". Tulsa Reservation Commission. 2008. Archived from the original on 23 October 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2008. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  51. ^ "Houston Deco". Houston Deco. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
  52. ^ "Cincinnati Union Terminal – History". Retrieved 3 November 2009.
  53. ^ "Cincinnati Museum Center Receives Nation's Highest Award for Community Service" (Press release). Cincinnati Museum Center. 5 October 2009. Archived from the original on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  54. ^ Fernandez, Enrique (2005). "Bacardi Building Sports Spirited Design". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2008. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  55. ^ Rossi, Lia (2002). "Art Deco Sertanejo". Archived from the original on 7 December 2004. Retrieved 7 November 2008. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  56. ^ "Art Deco Buildings". london-footprints.co.uk. 2007. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2008. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  57. ^ "Art Deco in Frinton on sea". Art Deco Classics. 2006. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2008. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  58. ^ "Four Programmes – Art Deco Icons". BBC. 14 November 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
  59. ^ "Bucharest Art Deco". 5 August 2010. Archived from the original on 23 August 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  60. ^ "Inter-war modernist arhitecture". 21 May 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  61. ^ "Art Deco jewels in Bucharest". 8 May 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  62. ^ "Art Deco in Ploiesti". 7 August 2010. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  63. ^ "Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Koekelberg". Basilicakoekelberg.be. 8 March 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  64. ^ "Mumbai's latest endangered species: its art deco heritage". Urban architecture.in. 4 January 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
  65. ^ "Do Chennai's art deco buildings have a future". Madras Musings.
  66. ^ Dawson, B.; Gillow, J. (1994). The Traditional Architecture of Indonesia. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 25. ISBN 0-500-34132-X.
  67. ^ "Year of Hudec". Retrieved 18 May 2010.
  68. ^ http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=386037
  69. ^ "Napier Earthquake". Artdeconapier.com. 3 February 1931. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  70. ^ "Home – Art Deco Trust". Artdeconapier.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  71. ^ "Napier Art Deco historic precinct – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
  72. ^ "Art Deco heritage trail" (PDF). wellington.gov.nz. Retrieved 7 December 2012.

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Art Deco.
Western, Modern and Contemporary art movements
Genres of modern architecture
Architecture of the United States
Categories