Chattanooga/Hamilton County Cave Rescue Team transporting an injured caver with a dislocated ankle

Cave rescue is a highly specialized field of wilderness rescue in which injured, trapped or lost cave explorers are medically treated and extracted from various cave environments.

Cave rescue borrows elements from firefighting, confined space rescue, rope rescue and mountaineering techniques but has also developed its own special techniques and skills for performing work in conditions that are almost always difficult and demanding. Since cave accidents, on an absolute scale, are a very limited form of incident, and cave rescue is a very specialized skill, normal emergency staff are rarely employed in the underground elements of the rescue. Instead, this is usually undertaken by other experienced cavers who undergo regular training through their organizations and are called up at need.

Cave rescues are slow, deliberate operations that require both a high level of organized teamwork and good communication. The extremes of the cave environment (air temperature, water, vertical depth) dictate every aspect of a cave rescue. Therefore, the rescuers must adapt skills and techniques that are as dynamic as the environment they must operate in.

Overview

A network of international cave rescue units is organised under the banner of the Union Internationale de Spéléologie (UIS). Most international cave rescue units are listed with contacts for use in the event of a cave incident.

The world's first cave rescue team, the Cave Rescue Organisation (CRO), was founded in 1935 in Yorkshire, United Kingdom. Like all UK cave rescue groups, it is composed of volunteer cavers and funded entirely by donations.[1] In the UK, regional groups have 'callout lists' containing the details of over 1,000 cavers around the country who can be contacted in case of an emergency. Since 1967, the British Cave Rescue Council (BCRC) has coordinated cave rescue organizations in the United Kingdom.[2]

Historical examples

In the United States

Organized cave rescue units in the United States are generally city/county funded volunteer squads, composed mainly of seasoned, local cavers. A pioneer organization in cave rescue in the 1960s was the CRCN (Cave Rescue Communications Network). Although it was not, itself, a rescue unit, it served to organize communications and coordinate contacting experienced cavers in the area to facilitate a rescue. The CRCN nominally operated out of Washington, DC, and covered the mid-Atlantic area. The typical Southeastern US cave rescue team averages between 15 and 20 active members. Due to the excessive amount of manpower required for a large-scale cave rescue, it is not uncommon for multiple cave rescue units from various regions to assist another in extensive underground operations. Because organized cave rescue teams are quite rare, it is also quite common for local units to cover regions that extend far beyond the area they are nominally responsible for. The number of cave rescues in North America are relatively small compared to other common wilderness rescues. The average number of reported cave related incidents is usually 40 to 50 per year. In most years, approximately 10 percent of reported accidents result in death.[22]

Organized Cave Rescue Teams generally utilize the Incident Command System (ICS). Originally devised for wildland fire teams, today the ICS is used by a variety of agencies throughout North America. The ICS can be modified by each agency depending on the nature of their emergencies. Below is an example of a typical cave rescue Incident Command System.[23][page needed]

Members of the Chattanooga/Hamilton County Cave Team haul a critically injured patient from a 50-foot pit using a guiding line.
Incident commander
is responsible for all activities, including the development and implementation of strategic decisions during the course of an incident. The IC monitors all aspects of an operation including planning, logistics, communications and information.
Underground manager
usually responsible for implementation of the plan provided by the incident commander. The underground manager assigns and monitors vital tasks including rigging, medical, patient packaging and transport, and communications with the IC on the surface. The underground manager is also usually responsible for the safety of the entire underground team.
Initial response team
a small unit of first responders. The task of the IRT is to travel through the cave to the patient and evaluate the situation with the purpose of reporting back to the appropriate manager. The IRT usually includes the medical personnel so medical intervention can begin early if necessary.
Medical team
varies in size and level of the medics ability from agency to agency. The medical team rarely participates in any other rescue function other than managing patient care.
Communications team
responsible for creating and maintaining communications between the teams in the cave and the Incident Commander. A common means of communications on a cave rescue are military field phones. Military phones are reliable but heavy, and the need for abundant amounts of com-line can make running communications deep into a cave difficult. Another, more advanced type of communication, are low frequency radios, which eliminate the need for thousands of feet of com line in a cave. Low frequency radios can communicate through thousands of feet of solid rock, making them ideal for use deep into caves.
Rigging team
responsible for one or more stations in a cave that require the rigging of ropes or systems to safely transport the patient and emergency personnel through the cave. In a large scale rescue, many rigging teams could be scattered throughout a cave, assigned with multiple tasks.
Litter team
made up of rescue personnel that are not already assigned to rigging, communications, medical or management positions. The responsibility of the Litter Team is the packaging and safe transport of the patient through the cave.
Entrance control
responsible for the logging of all personnel entering and leaving a cave. In some cases the Entrance Control could also be assigned the duty of logging all gear entering and leaving the cave. This is an important task on any cave rescue.

See also

References

  1. ^ Eyre, Jim; Frankland, John (1988). Race Against Time: a History of the Cave Rescue Organisation. Lyon Equipment. ISBN 978-0950687445.
  2. ^ "About Cave Rescue – British Cave Rescue Council". www.caverescue.org.uk. Retrieved 2018-07-04.
  3. ^ Murray, Robert K.; Brucker, Roger W. (1982). Trapped! The Story of Floyd Collins. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-0153-8.
  4. ^ Jackson, Donald Dale (June 1985). Underground Worlds. Planet Earth. Vol. 6. Time-Life. ISBN 978-0-8094-4320-8.
  5. ^ "Spelunker's remains removed after 41 years". Associated Press. June 25, 2006. Retrieved 2011-09-26.
  6. ^ White, Clive (17 June 2017). "Mossdale Caverns tragedy commemorated 50 years after the pothole disaster". Craven Herald. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  7. ^ Brook, Dave (July 1971). "Mossdale Caverns 1971". University of Leeds Speleological Association Review (8): 24, 25.
  8. ^ a b c Ives, Mike. "5 Cave Rescues That Worked". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  9. ^ Ap (1983-04-26). "8 Explorers Are Found Alive in Flooded Kentucky Cave". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-04-22.
  10. ^ "Explorer's Rescue Is Pressed in Deepest U.S. Cave". The New York Times. Associated Press. 2 April 1991. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
  11. ^ "Injured Explorer Is Carried From Cave : Rescue: The woman is in good condition as she awaits surgery on her broken leg. More than 200 people helped bring her to the surface". Los Angeles Times. 1991-04-05. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2019-04-22.
  12. ^ Staff, Mike Thomas, of The Sentinel. "TRAPPED". OrlandoSentinel.com. Retrieved 2019-04-22.((cite web)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Field Producer: Benjy von Cramon (December 2004). "Cave Flood". Expeditions to the Edge. Episode 8. National Geographic Channel.
  14. ^ "British cavers rescued in Mexico". 2004-03-25. Retrieved 2019-04-22.
  15. ^ Hollenhorst, John; Dallof, Sarah (November 27, 2009). "Officials halt efforts to remove body from cave". KSL News. Retrieved 2011-09-26.
  16. ^ "The Finns' fateful cave dive in Norway was a ghastly struggle". Helsingin Sanomat. 2014.
  17. ^ Kremer, William (2016-05-09). "The cave divers who went back for their friends". BBC News. Retrieved 2018-07-03.
  18. ^ "Opphever Plura-forbud". Rana Blad. 31 March 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  19. ^ Eddy, Melissa (2014-06-19). "In Germany, Ordeal Ends for Physicist Hurt in Cave". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-04-22.
  20. ^ "What to know about a major rescue underway to bring a US researcher out of a Turkish cave". Santa Rosa Press Democrat. 2023-09-11. Retrieved 2023-09-12.
  21. ^ "Mark Dickey: US man trapped in Turkey cave nears surface". BBC News. 2023-09-11. Retrieved 2023-09-12.
  22. ^ American Caving Accidents
  23. ^ Manual of U.S. Cave Rescue Techniques, 2nd Edition