The Indian classical languages, or the Shastriya Bhasha or the Semmozhi, is an umbrella term for the languages of India having high antiquity, and valuable, original and distinct literary heritage.[1] The Republic of India officially recognises six languages as the Classical languages of India. In 2004, the Government of India declared that languages that met certain strict criteria could be accorded the status of a "Classical Language" of India.[2] It was instituted by the Ministry of Culture along with the Linguistic Experts' Committee. The committee was constituted by the Government of India to consider demands for the categorisation of languages as Classical languages.
In the year 2004, the tentative criteria for the age of antiquity of "classical language" was assumed to be at least 1000 years of existence.[3]
In a 2006 press release, Minister of Tourism and Culture Ambika Soni told the Rajya Sabha the following criteria were laid down to determine the eligibility of languages to be considered for classification as a "Classical Language",[4][1]
- High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1500–2000 years.
- A body of ancient literature/texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers
- The literary tradition be original and not borrowed from another speech community.
- The classical language and literature being distinct from modern, there may also be a discontinuity between the classical language and its later forms or its offshoots.
As per Government of India's Resolution No. 2-16/2004-US (Akademies) dated 1 November 2004, the benefits that will accrue to a language declared as a "Classical Language" are:[5]
Language | Language family | Language branch | Earliest attestation | Date recognised |
---|---|---|---|---|
தமிழ், Tamil | Dravidian | South Dravidian Middle Tamil |
Between 500 and 300 BCE[7][8] | 12 October 2004[9] |
संस्कृतम्, Sanskrit | Indo-European | Indo-Aryan | 1st century BCE.[10] | 25 November 2005[9] |
ಕನ್ನಡ, Kannada | Dravidian | South Dravidian Kannada dialects |
370 CE[11][12] | 31 October 2008[13] |
తెలుగు, Telugu | Dravidian | South-Central Dravidian | 400 CE[14][15] | 31 October 2008[13] |
മലയാളം, Malayalam | Dravidian | South Dravidian | 830 CE[16] | 23 May 2013[17] |
ଓଡ଼ିଆ, Odia | Indo-European | Eastern Indo-Aryan | 10th-11th century CE[18] | 20 February 2014[19] |
This section is about the languages which are described as "classical" by scholars but still not officially recognised as "classical" by the Government of India. These languages may either have administrative "official language" or "scheduled language" statuses, but these should not be confused with the official "classical language" status. |
Demands have been made for other languages to be officially accorded Classical status, including Pali,[20] Bengali,[21][22] Marathi,[23][24] Maithili[25] and Manipuri.[26][27][28]
Further information: Pali Canon |
Pali language is a classical language which is liturgical to the Theravada Buddhism. Originated from the Northern India, it is closely related to the Old Indo-Aryan, Vedic Sanskrit but is not considered to be an offshoot or a direct descendent of Sanskrit. Historically, Pali came to widespread usage because Buddha taught that the vernacular should be used for writings of Buddhism. Pali writings existed as early as 1st century BCE, and oral transmission is considered to be in existence since 3rd century BCE.[29]
Further information: Ancient Meitei literature and Meitei classical language movement |
Meitei, or Manipuri, is a classical language of Sino-Tibetan linguistic family, having a literary tradition of not less than 2000 years.[30][31]