Elizabeth Bowen | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Elizabeth Dorothea Cole Bowen 7 June 1899 Dublin, Ireland |
| Died | 22 February 1973 (aged 73) London, England |
| Resting place | Saint Colman's Church, Farahy |
| Language | English |
| Notable works | The Last September (1929) The House in Paris (1936) The Death of the Heart (1938) The Heat of the Day (1949) Eva Trout (1968) |
| Spouse | Alan Cameron (1923–1952; his death) |
Elizabeth Bowen CBE (/ˈboʊən/; 7 June 1899 – 22 February 1973) was an Irish-British novelist and short story writer notable for her books about the "big house" of Irish landed Protestants as well as her fiction about life in wartime London.
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Elizabeth Dorothea Cole Bowen was born on 7 June 1899 at 15 Herbert Place in Dublin, daughter of barrister[1] Henry Charles Cole Bowen (1862–1930), who succeeded his father as head of their Irish gentry family traced back to the late 1500s, of Welsh origin,[2] and Florence Isabella Pomeroy (died 1912), daughter of Henry FitzGeorge Pomeroy Colley, of Mount Temple, Clontarf, Dublin, grandson of the 4th Viscount Harberton. Florence Bowen's mother was granddaughter of the 4th Viscount Powerscourt.[3][4] Elizabeth Bowen was baptised in the nearby St Stephen's Church on Upper Mount Street. Her parents later brought her to her father's family home, Bowen's Court at Farahy, near Kildorrery, County Cork, where she spent her summers. Among her enduring childhood friends were the artists Mainie Jellett and Sylvia Cooke-Collis. When her father became mentally ill in 1907, she and her mother moved to England, eventually settling in Hythe. After her mother died in September 1912, Bowen was brought up by her aunts; her father remarried in 1918.[5] She was educated at Downe House School under the headship of Olive Willis. After some time at art school in London she decided that her talent lay in writing. She mixed with the Bloomsbury Group, becoming good friends with Rose Macaulay who helped her seek a publisher for her first book, a collection of short stories titled Encounters (1923).
In 1923 she married Alan Cameron, an educational administrator who subsequently worked for the BBC. The marriage has been described as "a sexless but contented union."[6] The marriage was reportedly never consummated.[7] She had various extra-marital relationships, including one with Charles Ritchie, a Canadian diplomat seven years her junior, which lasted over thirty years. She also had an affair with the Irish writer Seán Ó Faoláin and a relationship with the American poet May Sarton.[6] Bowen and her husband first lived near Oxford, where they socialised with Maurice Bowra, John Buchan and Susan Buchan, and where she wrote her early novels, including The Last September (1929). Following the publication of To the North (1932), they moved to 2 Clarence Terrace, Regent's Park, London, where she wrote The House in Paris (1936) and The Death of the Heart (1938). In 1937, she became a member of the Irish Academy of Letters.[8]
In 1930, Bowen became the first (and only) woman to inherit Bowen's Court, but remained based in England, making frequent visits to Ireland. During World War II, she worked for the British Ministry of Information, reporting on Irish opinion, particularly on the issue of neutrality.[9] Bowen's political views tended towards Burkean conservatism.[10][11] During and after the war she wrote among the greatest[citation needed] expressions of life in wartime London, The Demon Lover and Other Stories (1945) and The Heat of the Day (1948); she was awarded the CBE the same year.
Her husband retired in 1952 and they settled in Bowen's Court, where he died a few months later. Many writers visited her at Bowen's Court from 1930 onward, including Virginia Woolf, Eudora Welty, Carson McCullers, Iris Murdoch, and the historian Veronica Wedgwood. For years, Bowen struggled to keep the house going, lecturing in the United States to earn money. In 1957, her portrait was painted at Bowen's Court by her friend, painter Patrick Hennessy. She travelled to Italy in 1958 to research and prepare A Time in Rome (1960), but by the following year, Bowen was forced to sell her beloved Bowen's Court, which was demolished in 1960. In the following months, she wrote the narrative of the documentary titled Ireland the Tear and the Smile for CBS[12] which was realised in collaboration with Bob Monks as camera man and associate producer.[13] After spending some years without a permanent home, Bowen finally settled at "Carbery", Church Hill, Hythe, in 1965.
Her final novel, Eva Trout, or Changing Scenes (1968), won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize in 1969 and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 1970. Subsequently, she was a judge (alongside her friend Cyril Connolly) that awarded the 1972 Man Booker Prize to John Berger for G. She spent Christmas 1972 at Kinsale, County Cork, with her friends, Major Stephen Vernon and his wife, Lady Ursula (daughter of the Duke of Westminster) but was hospitalised upon her return. Here she was visited by Connolly, Lady Ursula Vernon, Isaiah Berlin, Rosamund Lehmann, and her literary agent Spencer Curtis Brown.[14]
In 1972 Bowen developed lung cancer. She died in University College Hospital on 22 February 1973, age 73. She is buried with her husband in St Colman's churchyard in Farahy, close to the gates of Bowen's Court, where there is a memorial plaque to the author (which bears the words of John Sparrow) at the entrance to St Colman's Church, where a commemoration of her life is held annually.[15][16][17]
In 1977, Victoria Glendinning published the first biography of Elizabeth Bowen. In 2009, Glendinning published a book about the relationship between Charles Ritchie and Bowen, based on his diaries and her letters to him. In 2012, English Heritage marked Bowen's Regent's Park home at Clarence Terrace with a blue plaque.[18] A blue plaque was unveiled 19 October 2014 to mark Bowen's residence at the Coach House, The Croft, Headington, from 1925 to 1935.[19]
Bowen was greatly interested in "life with the lid on and what happens when the lid comes off", in the innocence of orderly life, and in the eventual, irrepressible forces that transform experience. Bowen also examined the betrayal and secrets that lie beneath a veneer of respectability. The style of her works is highly wrought and owes much to literary modernism.[20][21] She was an admirer of film and influenced by the filmmaking techniques of her day. The locations in which Bowen's works are set often bear heavily on the psychology of the characters and on the plots. Bowen's war novel The Heat of the Day (1948) is considered one of the quintessential depictions of London's atmosphere during the bombing raids of World War II.
She was also a notable writer of ghost stories.[22] Supernatural fiction writer Robert Aickman considered Elizabeth Bowen to be "the most distinguished living practitioner" of ghost stories. He included her tale "The Demon Lover" in his anthology The Second Fontana Book of Great Ghost Stories.[23]
| Title | Publication | Collected in |
|---|---|---|
| "Salon des Dames" | The Westminster Gazette (April 7, 1923) | The Bazaar and Other Stories |
| "Breakfast" | Encounters (May 1923)[24] | Encounters |
| "Daffodils" | ||
| "The Return" | ||
| "The Confidante" | ||
| "Requiescat" | ||
| "All Saints" | ||
| "The New House" | ||
| "Lunch" | ||
| "The Lover" | ||
| "Mrs. Windermere" | ||
| "The Shadowy Third" | ||
| "The Evil That Men Do—" | ||
| "Sunday Evening" | ||
| "Coming Home" | ||
| "Moses" | The Westminster Gazette (June 30, 1923) | The Bazaar and Other Stories |
| "Making Arrangements" | Everybody's Magazine (June 1924) | Ann Lee's and Other Stories |
| "Ann Lee's" | The Spectator (July 5, 1924) | |
| "The Contessina" | The Queen (November 12, 1924) | |
| "The Parrot" | Everybody's Magazine (April 1925) | |
| "The Visitor" | Ann Lee's and Other Stories (April 1926) | |
| "Human Habitation" | ||
| "The Secession" | ||
| "The Storm" | ||
| "Charity" | ||
| "The Back Drawing-Room" | ||
| "Recent Photograph" | ||
| "Just Imagine..." | Eve (October 1926) | The Bazaar and Other Stories |
| "Joining Charles" a.k.a. "The White House" |
The Royal Magazine (November 1926) | Joining Charles and Other Stories |
| "Aunt Tatty" | The Queen (December 25, 1926) | |
| "Telling" | The Black Cap, ed. Lady Cynthia Asquith (October 1927) | |
| "Maria" | The Funny Bone, ed. Asquith (November 1928) | The Cat Jumps and Other Stories |
| "The Pink Biscuit" | Eve (November 22, 1928) | The Bazaar and Other Stories |
| "The Jungle" | Joining Charles and Other Stories (July 1929) | Joining Charles and Other Stories |
| "Shoes: An International Episode" | ||
| "The Dancing-Mistress" | ||
| "Dead Mabelle" | ||
| "The Working Party" | ||
| "Foothold" | ||
| "The Cassowary" | ||
| "Mrs. Moysey" | ||
| "The Cat Jumps" | Shudders, Asquith (September 1929) | The Cat Jumps and Other Stories |
| "The Tommy Crans" | "The Broadsheet Press"[25] (February 1930) | |
| "Her Table Spread" a.k.a. "A Conversation Picture" a.k.a. "A Conversation Piece" |
"The Broadsheet Press" (May 4, 1930) | |
| "The Apple Tree" | When Churchyards Yawn, Asquith (September 1931) | |
| "Flavia" | The Fothergill Omnibus (November 1931) | The Bazaar and Other Stories |
| "Brigands" | The Silver Ship, Asquith (October 1932) | |
| "She Gave Him" | Consequences, ed. A. E. Coppard (November 1932) | |
| "The Good Girl" | Time and Tide (February 11, 1933) | The Cat Jumps and Other Stories |
| "The Little Girl's Room" | London Mercury (July 1933) | |
| "The Last Night in the Old Home" | The Cat Jumps and Other Stories (July 1934) | |
| "The Disinherited" | ||
| "Firelight in the Flat" | ||
| "The Man of the Family" | ||
| "The Needlecase" | ||
| "The Unromantic Princess" | The Princess Elizabeth Gift Book, ed. Asquith and Eileen Bigland (1935) | The Bazaar and Other Stories |
| "Reduced" | The Listener (June 12, 1935) | Look at All Those Roses |
| "Attractive Modern Homes" | The Listener (April 15, 1936) | |
| "Tears, Idle Tears" | The Listener (September 2, 1936) | |
| "Look at All Those Roses" | The Listener (November 10-17, 1937) | |
| "A Walk in the Woods" | London Mercury (December 1937) | |
| "The Easter Egg Party" | London Mercury (April 1938) | |
| "A Queer Heart" a.k.a. "The Same Way Home" |
London Mercury (December 1938) | |
| "The Girl with the Stoop" | John O'London's Weekly (December 23, 1938) | |
| "Number 16" | The Listener (January 19, 1939) | |
| "Love" | The Listener (October 26, 1939) | |
| "A Love Story" a.k.a. "A Love Story, 1939" |
Horizon (July 1940) | |
| "Unwelcome Idea" | New Statesman (August 10, 1940) | |
| "Oh, Madam..." | The Listener (December 5, 1940) | |
| "Summer Night" | Look at All Those Roses (January 1941) | |
| "Sunday Afternoon" | Life and Letters To-Day (July 1941) | The Demon Lover and Other Stories |
| "In the Square" | Horizon (September 1941) | |
| "Careless Talk" a.k.a. "Everything's Frightfully Interesting" |
The New Yorker (October 11, 1941) | |
| "The Demon Lover" | The Listener (November 6, 1941) | |
| "Pink May" | English Story #3 (October 1942) | |
| "The Cheery Soul" | The Listener (December 4, 1942) | |
| "The Inherited Clock" | The Cornhill Magazine (January 1944) | |
| "Mysterious Kor" | Penguin New Writing #20 (August 1944) | |
| "Songs My Father Sang Me" | English Story #5 (November 1944) | |
| "The Happy Autumn Fields" | The Cornhill Magazine (November 1944) | |
| "Green Holly" | The Listener (December 21, 1944) | |
| "Comfort and Joy" | Modern Reading #11 & 12, ed. Reginald Moore (Winter 1945) | The Bazaar and Other Stories |
| "Ivy Gripped the Steps" | Horizon (September 1945) | The Demon Lover and Other Stories |
| "I Hear You Say So" | New Writing and Daylight #6 (September 1945) | A Day in the Dark and Other Stories |
| "Gone Away" | The Listener (January 3, 1946) | |
| "The Good Earl" | Diversion, ed. Hester W. Chapman (September 1946) | The Bazaar and Other Stories |
| "The Lost Hope" | The Sunday Times (September 29, 1946)[26] | |
| "I Died of Love" | Choice: Some New Stories and Prose, ed. William Sansom (November 1946) | |
| "So Much Depends" | Woman's Day (September 1951) | |
| "Hand in Glove" | The Second Ghost Book, Asquith (October 1952) | A Day in the Dark and Other Stories |
| "Emergency in the Gothic Wing" | Tatler (November 18, 1954) | The Bazaar and Other Stories |
| "The Claimant" | Vogue (November 15, 1955) | |
| "A Day in the Dark" | Mademoiselle (July 1957) | A Day in the Dark and Other Stories |
| "Candles in the Window" | Woman's Day (December 1958) | The Bazaar and Other Stories |
| "Happiness" | Woman's Day (December 1959) | |
| "The Dolt's Tale" | A Day in the Dark and Other Stories (June 1965) | A Day in the Dark and Other Stories |
