Book of Ezekiel 30:13–18 in an English manuscript from early 13th century, MS. Bodl. Or. 62, fol. 59a. A Latin translation appears in the margins with further interlineations above the Hebrew.
Ezekiel 23 is written in the form of a message delivered by God to Ezekiel. It presents an extended metaphor in which Samaria and Jerusalem are compared to sisters named Oholah (Samaria) and Oholibah (Jerusalem), who are the wives of God and accused of "playing the whore" in Egypt (Ezekiel 23:1-4).[5] The metaphor of Israel and Judah as sisters married to God has attracted the attention of feminist scholars[6][7][8] In Ezekiel 23 their disapproval sexual relations in Egypt occur when they are young, before they are married to God. In Ezekiel 16, a text with some similarities but important differences as well, the metaphorical women belongs to God from puberty, with her sexual offenses occurring only later.[9] The reference to promiscuity in Egypt could refer to earlier political alliances.[10]
Ohalah is accused of adultery with Assyrian soldiers, and of worshipping their gods (verses 5-7). This metaphorically refers to an earlier alliance between the Northern Kingdom of Samaria and Assyria.[10] God punishes her relations with Assyria by giving her over to Assyrian control: they strip her naked, take her children, and kill her (9-10). This is a reference to the conquest of Israel by Assyria and the deportations of inhabitants[11] which occurred in 722.
Knowing about her sisters punishment but disregarding it, Oholibah (Jerusalem, the capital city of the Southern Kingdom) continues her "whoring"[12] with the Assyrians, and then with Babylonians as well (11-17). God abandons her in disgust, but she continues her "whorings" with her lovers, who are described in the text as having horse-sized genitalia (18-21).
As a result, God proclaims that he will send Babylonian soldiers to conquer Oholibah, to disfigure her, take her children, and burn her people (22-35). God then orders Ezekiel to announce this judgment to Oholibah (36), and accuses the Judahites of committing "adultery" by worshipping idols and practicing child sacrifice (37), polluting the temple and desecrating the Sabbath by simultaneously worshipping the god of Israel and idols (39). God compares this to prostitution (40-45) and calls for their punishment (46-49).
"Son of man" (Hebrew: בן־אדם ḇen-’ā-ḏām): this phrase is used 93 times to address Ezekiel,[14] differing the creator God from His creatures, and to put Ezekiel as a "representative member of the human race."
"Women" (Hebrew: נָשִׁ֔ים nā-shîm plural from the root word אִשָּׁה 'i-shah): "females"; opposite of "males" or "men".[15][16]
Verse 4
Their names: Oholah the elder and Oholibah her sister;
They were Mine,
And they bore sons and daughters.
As for their names,
Samaria is Oholah, and Jerusalem is Oholibah. (NKJV)[17]
"Oholah and Oholibah": the pejorative names containing a pun in the Hebrew, Oholah means "her tent", and Oholibah means "my tent is in her",[10] suggesting that "God's real dwelling (tent) was in Jerusalem."[18] "Tent" also means "tabernacle".[19]
Verse 45
But righteous men will judge them after the manner of adulteresses, and after the manner of women who shed blood, because they are adulteresses, and blood is on their hands. (NKJV)[20]
"Righteous" (Hebrew: צַדִּיק tsa-dîq): "just", here applied to those maintaining the right and dispensing justice, such as judges and kings.[21]
^For an example and bibliographic information on other authors, see Kalmanofsky, Amy. “The Dangerous Sisters of Jeremiah and Ezekiel.” Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 130, no. 2, 2011, pp. 299–312. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41304202.
^Van Dijk-Hemmes, Fokkelien. “The Metaphorization of Woman in Prophetic Speech: An Analysis of Ezekiel XXIII.” Vetus Testamentum, vol. 43, no. 2, 1993, pp. 162–170. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1519350.
^The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha, Augmented Third Edition, New Revised Standard Version, Indexed. Michael D. Coogan, Marc Brettler, Carol A. Newsom, Editors. Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA; 2007. p. 1211-1213 Hebrew Bible. ISBN978-0195288810
Brown, Francis; Briggs, Charles A.; Driver, S. R. (1994). The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (reprint ed.). Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN978-1565632066.
Gesenius, H. W. F. (1979) [1857]. Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures: Numerically Coded to Strong's Exhaustive Concordance, with an English Index. Translated by Tregelles, Samuel Prideaux (7th ed.). Baker Book House. (This is the translation of Gesenius' work by Tregelles, with the main text by Gesenius and comments by Tregelles in brackets [].)