George Carnegie Palmer
Born(1861-12-20)December 20, 1861
New York, New York, US
Died(1934-02-29)February 29, 1934 (aged 72)
Morristown, New Jersey, US
NationalityAmerican
Alma materColumbia University
OccupationArchitect
Partner(s)Henry Hornbostel
Samuel E. Plonsky
Sullivan W. Jones
George Edward Wood
PracticePalmer and Plonsky
Palmer & Hornbostel
Palmer, Hornbostel and Jones
Wood, Palmer & Hornbostel
Wood & Palmer
Frederick Clarke Withers

George Carnegie Palmer (December 20, 1861 – February 29, 1934), was an American architect who specialized in civic and academic buildings across the United States.[1][2][3] He best known for his work with the architect Henry F. Hornbostel.[2] By 1904, Palmer & Hornbostel ranked "among the leading architects in the United States."[4]

Palmer studied architecture at Columbia University before working for architect Frederick Clarke Withers as a general superintendent for the construction of the Chapel of the Good Shepherd and other structures on Blackwell Island. He then formed the firm Wood and Palmer, Architects in New York City with a college classmate. Hornbostel became a partner in Wood, Palmer & Hornbostel in 1897, renamed Palmer & Hornbostel in 1900.

Palmer designed Delta Psi, Alpha chapter house for his college fraternity in 1898; this property is still in use and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Palmer also designed several mansions for wealthy clients in New York City, Connecticut, and New Jersey. In 1904, Palmer & Hornbostel won a competition to design the 35-acre campus of Carnegie Technical Schools (now Carnegie Mellon University). The duo also designed the Brooklyn Bridge Terminal Station, the Williamsburg Bridge, and the Queensboro Bridge in New York City and the High Level Bridge in Fairmont, West Virginia; the latter is on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1907, they designed the New York State Education Building in Albany, New York

Between 1908 and 1919, his firm was called Palmer, Hornbostel and Jones and specialized in university and government buildings. A stand-out of this era is the Beaux Arts style Oakland City Hall in California which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[5] Other important projects by Palmer in the early 20th century include the Hartford City Hall, the Pittsburgh City-County Building, the campus and buildings for Emory University, and dormitory and fraternity houses for Northwestern University.

Early life

Palmer was born in New York City on December 20, 1861, and grew up in Manhattan on Madison Avenue.[6][1] He was the son of Sarah Parker and Nicholas F. Palmer, a wealthy banker.[6][1][2] He attended Columbia University, graduating with a degree in architecture in 1883.[6][1] While at Columbia, he was a member of the Fraternity of Delta Psi (St. Anthony Hall).[6][7]

Career

Edith Logan house / St. Anthony Hall Alpha chapter house
Margaret Morrison Carnegie College
New York State Education Building
Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall and Museum
Thaw Hall, University of Pittsburgh
Oakland City Hall
High Level Bridge

In 1888 and 1889, Palmer worked for architect Frederick Clarke Withers as a general superintendent for the construction of the Chapel of the Good Shepherd and other structures on Blackwell Island.[8][9] However, Palmer would form and reorganize his own partnerships throughout his career.[2]

Wood and Palmer

In 1890, Palmer established the firm of Wood and Palmer, Architects in New York City with George Edward Wood, another graduate of Columbia University and a native New Yorker.[6][2] Henry F. Hornbostel worked for Wood and Palmer after graduating from Columbia University in 1891.[10][11]: 30  However, he left to attend the École des Beaux-Arts in France after two years.[10][11]: 30 

Wood, Palmer & Hornbostel

In 1897, Hornbostel returned from France and joined the firm that became Wood, Palmer and Hornbostel.[2][11]: 26  In this early phase of their career, they designed several mansions in New York City.[6][12]

In 1898, Palmer and Hornbostel designed a Beaux Arts and French Renaissance revival style house for the Columbia chapter of the Fraternity of Delta Psi (St. Anthony Hall).[6] Today, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Delta Psi, Alpha chapter.[13] It is also a contributing building to the Broadway-Riverside Drive Historic District.[6]

Palmer & Hornbostel

Around 1900, Wood left the practice and the firm changed its name to Palmer & Hornbostel, Architects.[2][4] They operated at both 63 William Street, New York City and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, circa 1900 through 1909.[2][4] In 1901, Palmer & Hornbostel designed new buildings for the Steinway & Sons factory.[14]

In 1904, Palmer won a technical school competition held by the Committee of Carnegie Technical Schools (later Carnegie Mellon University) for its new campus.[15][4] The project covered an area of 35 acres (14 ha)had a budget of $5,000,000 (equivalent to $162,851,852 in 2023), with the architects commission being 5%.[15][8] Warren P. Laird, head of architecture at the University of Pennsylvania and one of the judges, said, "The buildings are treated with a simple yet effective use of brick and terra cotta. They are so designed and massed as to be beautiful, while expressing, each in its own way, the purpose for which it is intended. The architect has been very successful in securing to the highest degree practical efficiency in his plans without sacrifice of that character which is usually called the artistic."[8]

Although Hornbostel is frequently credited with all of the work on the Carnegie Technical School, reports in the newspaper indicate that Palmer was on site working on the campus layout and is also the one meeting with the school's committee.[16][17] Because of the hilly nature of the proposed campus, Palmer said, "It was not the exterior of the buildings that we found the hard task, but in the arranging of the area for the various buildings, so as to obtain the best results. We have mapped out the general ground plan for the buildings, according to the floor area required."[17]

In New York City, they worked on the Brooklyn Bridge Terminal Station, Flatbush Unitarian Church (1903), the Williamsburg Bridge (1905), and the Queensboro Bridge (1906).[3][18][19] In 1907, Palmer & Hornbostel also designed a stadium for Columbia University; however, the stadium was never built because of funding problems.[6]

In 1907, Palmer & Hornbostel designed the New York State Education Building in Albany, gaining the contract by winning another design competition.[6][3] The exterior of the education building is based on the Tomb of Mausolus at Halicarnassus in Turkey.[3] The building features 60 feet (18 m) tall columns of steel covered in marble with Corinthian capitals in terra cotta[20][3] Steel construction not only enabled the building's size and height, but made it safe from fire.[20] Consistent with archaeological findings of ancient Greek structures, Palmer & Hornbostel used the colors blue, green, red, and yellow on the building's capital, frieze, and walls.[20] Inside is a rotunda with Doric columns of Indiana limestone, yellow brick floors, a cerulean blue ceiling with skylights, and a ninety foot tall dome.[20][3] The building also included a library with a 30 feet (9.1 m) tall vaulted ceiling by Rafael Guastavino.[3] The New York Times said, "Imagine a Greek temple with electric elevators."[20] They continued, "It is a beautiful expression of all that education means..."[20]

Palmer, Hornbostel and Jones

Between 1908 and 1919, Palmer and Hornbostel joined with the architect Sullivan W. Jones to form Palmer, Hornbostel and Jones, Architects.[2] This firm operated in Albany, New York; Atlanta, Georgia; New York City; and Oakland, California and specialized in university and governmental buildings.[2] An alumnus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Jones had been the chief draftsman of Palmer & Hornbostel when they worked on the Carnegie Technical School project.[16][21]

In 1909, the firm was hired to design the campus of the University of Pittsburgh.[22] However, only five buildings of their Acropolis Plan were built before the university ran out of funding.[22][23]

The firm designed the Oakland City Hall for Oakland, California (1914), Hartford City Hall for Hartford, Connecticut (1915), City Hall and Courthouse for Wilmington, Delaware (1917), and Pittsburgh City-County Building (1917).[2][6][24][25] The latter was designed in collaboration with the architect Edward Brown Lee who was employed by the firm.[2][12] They received a contract for the Oakland City Hall through a national design contest; perhaps because they decorated the granite building with California's crops such as figs, grapes, olives and wheat rendered in terra cotta.[5] When it was built, the Beaux Arts style Oakland City Hall was the tallest building west of the Mississippi River.[26] It is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[5]

They also laid out the campus and designed buildings for Emory University in Atlanta from 1914 to 1919, as well as dormitory and fraternity houses for Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois from 1915 to 1918.[2][27][28]

With the outbreak of World War I, Jones left to become the supervising architect for the Naval Operating Base in Norfolk, Virginia.[21] After the war, Jones became state architect for New York and did not return to their practice.[21] In 1918, the fifty-year-old Hornbostel headed to France to serve as a major in the Army's gas defense department.[29]

Palmer & Hornbostel II

When Jones left the firm, its name reverted to Palmer & Hornbostel.[2] This name stayed in place from around 1918 to 1922.[2] Hornbostel initially retained a home in New York but moved to Pittsburgh around 1921 because of frequent projects in that city.[6]

Between 1918 and 1921, Palmer & Hornbostel were consultants to the Concrete Steel Engineering Company for the design of High Level Bridge in Fairmont, West Virginia.[30] This project was dubbed the "million dollar bridge" when it exceeded pre-bid estimates of $400,000 (equivalent to $7,782,301 in 2023).[30] The bridge is 1,320 feet (400 m) long and has three reinforced concrete arches and light fixtures with mouth-blown glass shades.[30][31] The bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Robert H. Mollohan-Jefferson Street Bridge.[31]

Palmer and Plonsky

Starting in 1923, Palmer was a partner in the firm Palmer and Plonsky, Architects in Manhattan with architect Samuel E. Plonsky.[2][32] Plonsky had been an unnamed partner in both Palmer, Hornbostel and Jones and Palmer & Hornbostel, working there by the mid-1910s.[2] A modern architectural historian notes, "At a time when white Anglo-Saxon Protestant men controlled virtually all of the premier architectural firms in New York, it is likely that Plonsky long remained an uncredited partner because he was a Jew of Russian-Polish heritage."[2]

One of Palmer and Plonsky's projects was a three-story nurses' home for the Morristown Memorial Hospital in Morristown, New Jersey in 1922.[32] They also designed a seven-story garage for C. G. Taylor & Co. for the Columbus Circle District in New York City.[33]

Palmer remained with this firm until his death.[1]

Professional affiliations

Palmer was a member of the Architectural League of New York from 1895 to 1934.[2]

Projects

Following is a selected list of Palmer's projects:

Building Date Location Architect Reference
Delta Psi, Alpha chapter building 1889 434 Riverside Drive, New York City, New York Palmer & Hornbostel [6]
Residence 1899 1 East 73rd Street, New York City, New York Palmer & Hornbostel [12]
Residence 1901 18 East 54th Street, New York City, New York Palmer & Hornbostel [12]
Steinway & Sons buildings 1901 Manhattan, New York Palmer & Hornbostel [14]
Pupine Residence 1902 Norfolk, Connecticut Palmer & Hornbostel [12][34]
A. L. Smith Residence Norfolk, Connecticut Palmer & Hornbostel [34]
Flatbush Unitarian Church 1903 Brooklyn, New York Palmer & Hornbostel [19]
George Quintard Palmer mansion 1903 1 East 73rd Street, New York City, New York Palmer & Hornbostel [35]
Brooklyn Bridge Terminal Station Before 1904 Brooklyn, New York Palmer & Hornbostel [18]
Mrs. J. J. Knox Residence Before 1904 Seabright, New Jersey Palmer & Hornbostel [18]
Carnegie Technical Schools Master Plan 1904, 1906, 1911 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Palmer & Hornbostel [36]
Williamsburg Bridge 1905 New York City, New York Palmer & Hornbostel [3]
First Presbyterian Church Chapel and Parish House 1905 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Palmer & Hornbostel [37]
School of Applied Industries Hall (Porter Hall),

Carnegie Technical School

1905 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Palmer & Hornbostel [38][12]
Physical Plant/Power House, Carnegie Technical School 1905-06 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Palmer & Hornbostel [39][12]
Margaret Morrison Carnegie College for Women 1905-07 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Palmer & Hornbostel [36]
School of Applied Industries (Baker Hall),

Carnegie Technical School

1906 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Palmer & Hornbostel [36][12]
Blackwell Island Bridge (aka Queensboro Bridge) 1906 New York City, New York Palmer & Hornbostel [3]
Driftwood Manor (J. G. Robin House) 1906-07 Wading River, New York Palmer & Hornbostel [3][34]
Administration Building, Carnegie Technical Schools 1906 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Palmer & Hornbostel [12]
Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall and Museum 1906-1911 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Palmer & Hornbostel [12][3]
Alpha Delta Phi Club 1907 New York, New York Palmer & Hornbostel; Louis Brown [40]
Thaw Hall, University of Pittsburgh 1909 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Palmer & Hornbostel [22]
State Hall, University of Pittsburgh 1909 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Palmer & Hornbostel [22][23]
Holy Rosary Parochial School 1910 Homewood, Pennsylvania Palmer & Hornbostel [41][42][43]
William H. Moffitt Residence 1911 Islip, New York Palmer & Hornbostel [44]
Pennsylvania Hall, University of Pittsburgh 1911 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Palmer & Hornbostel [22][45]
School of Dentistry, University of Pittsburgh 1911 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Palmer & Hornbostel [46]
Gymnasium, Stadium, Athletic Field, University of Pittsburgh 1911 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Palmer & Hornbostel [47]
Temple Rodef Shalom's Fanny Edel Falk Memorial 1912 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Palmer & Hornbostel [11]: 3 
New York State Education Building 1912 Albany, New York Palmer & Hornbostel; Rafael Guastavino [20]
Nathaniel Spear Residence 1912-13 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Palmer & Hornbostel; Edward Brown Lee [48]
Hotel Bossert (addition) 1913 New York, New York Palmer, Hornbostel, and Jones; Rafael Guastavino [49]
Lingren House 1913-1914 Northwestern University Palmer, Hornbostel, and Jones [50]
Foster House 1913-1914 Northwestern University Palmer, Hornbostel and Jones [51]
Beta Theta Pi fraternity (aka GREEN House) 1913-1914 Northwestern University Palmer, Hornbostel and Jones [51][52]
Phi Kappa Psi fraternity house 1913-1914 Northwestern University Palmer, Hornbostel and Jones [53]
Delta Tau Delta fraternity house 1913-1914 Northwestern University Palmer, Hornbostel and Jones [53]
Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity house 1913-1914 Northwestern University Palmer, Hornbostel and Jones [53]
The Scribblers house 1913-1914 Northwestern University Palmer, Hornbostel and Jones [53]
Sigma Nu fraternity house 1913-1914 Northwestern University Palmer, Hornbostel and Jones [53]
The Wraglers house 1913-1914 Northwestern University Palmer, Hornbostel and Jones [53]
Oakland City Hall 1914 Oakland, California Palmer & Hornbostel [5][12]
Oakland Technical High School 1914 Oakland, California Palmer & Hornbostel [34]
Hartford City Hall 1915 Hartford, Connecticut Palmer & Hornbostel; Davis & Brooks [24]
Arthur S. Dwight House 1915 Great Neck, New York Palmer & Hornbostel [3][34]
Liberty Theater 1915 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Palmer & Hornbostel; H. E. Kennedy & Company [54]
Emory College circa 1915 Atlanta, Georgia Palmer & Hornbostel [3]
Callanwolde, Charles Howard Chandler House 1916 Atlanta, Georgia Palmer & Hornbostel [3]
Wilmington City Hall & Courthouse 1917 Wilmington, Delaware Palmer, Hornbostel, and Jones [2]
Hell Gate Bridge 1917 New York City, New York Palmer & Hornbostel; Gustave Lindenthal [3][55]
Pittsburgh City-County Building 1917 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Palmer & Hornbostel; Edward Brown Lee [2][12]
Library 1918 Northwestern University Palmer & Hornbostel [27]
Morristown Memorial Hospital (enlargement) 1919 Morristown, New Jersey Palmer & Hornbostel [56]
Robert H. Mollohan-Jefferson Street Bridge 1921 Fairmont, West Virginia Palmer & Hornbostel; Concrete Steel Engineering Company [31]
Nurses' Home, Morristown Memorial Hospital 1921 Morristown, New Jersey Palmer and Plonsky [32]
C. G. Taylor Parking Garage 1921 New York, New York Palmer and Plonsky [33]

Personal

Palmer married Helen Campbell on June 2, 1892 in Calvary Church of New York City.[57] They had four children; three daughters survived infancy: Helen C. Palmer (born 1895), Sarah S. Palmer (born 1897), and Georgiana K. Palmer (born 1899).[2] In 1900, the family lived at 48 West 9th Street in Greenwich Village with three servants/nurses.[2] By 1910, the family had moved to 65 Miller Road in Morristown, New Jersey where they lived with two servants.[2]

Palmer was a director of both the Morris County Savings Bank and the Morristown Trust Company.[1] He was a member of the Morris County Golf Club, the St. Anthony Club of New York, and the Morristown Club of which he was president of for 25 years.[1]

Palmer died at his home in Morristown, New Jersey on February 29, 1934.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "George C. Palmer, Architect, is Dead: Designed Many Clubhouses and Public Buildings" (PDF). The New York Times. March 1, 1934. p. 19. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "George Carnegie Palmer". Pacific Coast Architectural Database. University of Washington. Retrieved 2022-03-27.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o White, Diana S., ed. (2009). Architects in Albany. Albany, New York: Mt. Ida Press and Historic Albany Foundation. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-0-9625368-6-1. Retrieved March 30, 2022 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ a b c d "Tech Design is Selected: Palmer & Hornbostel of New York Win Big Prize". The Pittsburgh Gazette. October 27, 1904. p. 1. Retrieved March 29, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ a b c d "Oakland City Hall Historical Marker". The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Paonessa, Laurie (October 5, 2021). "Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter (St. Anthony Hall)". Clio: Your Guide to History. Retrieved 2022-03-27.
  7. ^ Meyer, H. L. G. Catalog of the Members of the Fraternity of Delta Psi Revised and Corrected to July 1906. New York: Fraternity of Delta Psi, 1906 via Google Books
  8. ^ a b c "Carnegie Prizes Come Here: Palmer & Hornbostel Win Competition for Architects of Technical Schools" (PDF). The New York Times. October 27, 1904. p. 2. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
  9. ^ Blank, Stephen (November 30, 2020). "Frederick Clarke Withers". Roosevelt Island Historical Society. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  10. ^ a b Williamson, Roxanne Kuter (1991). American Architects and the Mechanics of Fame. University of Texas Press. p. 241. ISBN 9780292729223.
  11. ^ a b c d Bamberg, Angelique (November 2021). "Temple Rodef Shalom: City of Pittsburgh Historic Landmark Nomination" (PDF). City of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Palmer & Hornbostel (fl. 1904 - ca. 1917) -- project list". American Architects & Buildings. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  13. ^ National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  14. ^ a b "Steinway". Times Union. Brooklyn, New York. May 11, 1901. p. 23. Retrieved March 29, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ^ a b "Carnegie Prizes Come Here: Palmer & Hornbostel Win Competition for Architects of Technical Schools" (PDF). The New York Times. October 27, 1904. p. 1. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
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  17. ^ a b "Winners Look Over Ground". The Pittsburg[h] Post. October 30, 1904. p. 2. Retrieved March 29, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ^ a b c Catalogue of the Fourth Exhibition of the Brooklyn Chapter of the American Institute of Architects. Brooklyn Chapter AIA. 1904. pp. 33–34. hdl:2027/coo.31924015131737. Retrieved March 30, 2022 – via Hathi Trust.
  19. ^ a b "Flatbush Unitarians". Times Union. Brooklyn, New York. October 9, 1903. p. 5. Retrieved March 29, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g "State Education Building a Thing of Rare Beauty" (PDF). The New York Times. May 5, 1912. p. 66. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
  21. ^ a b c "Sullivan W. Jones, State Ex-Architect" (PDF). The New York Times. January 27, 1955. p. 23. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
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  23. ^ a b "State Hall". Documenting Pitt. University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
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  25. ^ "Wilmington Public Building". Powers & Company. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  26. ^ Drozdz, Maya (15 January 2015). "Oakland City Hall by Palmer & Hornbostel". Department of Everyday Visualingual. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  27. ^ a b "Northwestern University Architectural Drawings" (PDF). Northwestern University Library and Archives. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
  28. ^ Foster, William D. (November 1914). "The New Dormitories of Northwestern University". The Brickbuilder. 23 (11): 174–176, 269–270. Retrieved March 29, 2022 – via Google Books.
  29. ^ "A Major in Chemical Service". The Kansas City Times. July 19, 1918. p. 10. Retrieved March 31, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. ^ a b c Chambers Jr., S. Allen (2018-08-01). "High-Level Bridge (Million Dollar Bridge)". SAH ARCHIPEDIA. Society of Architectural Historians. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  31. ^ a b c "High Level". West Virginia Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  32. ^ a b c "Homes and Asylums". Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. 109: 730. 1922. Retrieved March 31, 2022 – via Google Books.
  33. ^ a b "Stables and Garages". Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. 109: 90. 1922. Retrieved March 31, 2022 – via Google Books.
  34. ^ a b c d e "Appeal for Illustrations" (PDF). PHLF News (160): 9. April 2001 – via Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation.
  35. ^ Miller, Tom (2016-02-22). "The Lost Geo. Q. Palmer Mansion -- No. 1 East 73rd Street". Daytonian in Manhattan. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  36. ^ a b c Aurand, Martin (2005). "The Complete Guide to Carnegie Mellon Buildings and Campus Plans". slideplayer.com. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  37. ^ "Building Tips". The Pittsburgh Press. September 3, 1905. p. 32. Retrieved March 31, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  38. ^ Civil and Environmental Engineering (September 28, 2021). "70th Anniversary of Porter Hall". Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
  39. ^ Corrin, Julia. "Physical Plant Records". Carnegie Mellon University Archives and Library. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
  40. ^ "Alpha Delta Phi Club". New York Tribune. December 15, 1907. p. 18. Retrieved March 31, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  41. ^ Pittsburgh Architectural Club Index of Exhibits. Pittsburgh Architectural Club. 1913. p. 52. hdl:2027/mdp.39015086676114. Retrieved March 30, 2022 – via Hathi Trust.
  42. ^ "Vacant Homewood School as Center Planned". Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation. 2010-12-06. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
  43. ^ "Let Contract for Big Parochial School". The Pittsburgh Press. June 12, 1910. p. 14. Retrieved March 31, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  44. ^ "$125,000 South Shore House". Times Union. Brooklyn, New York. May 11, 1911. p. 3. Retrieved March 31, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  45. ^ "Pennsylvania Hall". Documenting Pitt. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
  46. ^ "New School of Dentistry". The Pittsburgh Press. July 17, 1911. p. 3. Retrieved March 31, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  47. ^ "The Brick Work Has Been Started". The Pittsburgh Post. November 5, 1911. p. 31. Retrieved March 31, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  48. ^ "Nathaniel Spear Residence Will Be One of the Finest Erected in Pittsburgh During Spring Building Season". The Pittsburgh Press. May 5, 1912. p. 44. Retrieved March 31, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  49. ^ R. Guastavino Company; Palmer Hornbostel & Jones (1913). Bossert Hotel addition, Montague-Hicks & Remsen Sts. [sic], B[roo]klyn, N.Y.: [detail drawing of stairs in elevation, plan, and sections. OCLC 80238844.
  50. ^ "Lindgren House". Northwestern University. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  51. ^ a b "History – Residential College of Cultural and Community Studies". Northwestern University. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  52. ^ "College of Cultural & Community Studies/GREEN House". Northwestern University. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
  53. ^ a b c d e f Syllabus Yearbook. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University. 1918. p. 117.
  54. ^ "Work Starts on New Playhouse". The Gazette Times. Pittsburgh. April 25, 1915. Sec. 2, p. 6. Retrieved March 31, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  55. ^ "Bridges at New York". Evening Star. Washington, D.C. May 15, 1908. p. 10. Retrieved March 31, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  56. ^ "To Enlarge Hospital Operating Room". The Courier-News. Bridgewater, New Jersey. July 5, 1919. p. 4. Retrieved March 31, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  57. ^ "This is the Day". The New York Times. June 2, 1892. p. 8. Retrieved March 31, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
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