A Habitable Zone for Complex Life (HZCL) is a range of distances from a star suitable for complex aerobic life. Different types of limitations preventing complex life give rise to different zones.[1] Conventional habitable zones are based on compatibility with water.[2] Most zones start at a distance from the host star and then end at a distance farther from the star. A planet or exoplanet (a planet outside the Solar System) would need to orbit inside the boundaries of this zone. With multiple zonal constraints, the zones would need to overlap for the planet to support complex life. The requirements for bacterial life produce much larger zones than those for complex life, which requires a very narrow zone.[3][4][5]
Main articles: Exoplanets and Earth analog |
The first confirmed exoplanets was discovered in 1992, several planets orbiting the pulsar PSR B1257+12.[6] Since then the list of exoplanets has grown to the thousands.[7] Most exoplanets are hot Jupiter planets, that orbit very close the star.[8] Many exoplanets are super-Earths, that could be a gas dwarf or large rocky planet, like Kepler-442b at a mass 2.36 times Earths.[9]
Main articles: Star and Solar twin |
Unstable stars are young and old stars, or very large or small stars. Unstable stars have changing solar luminosity that changes the size of the life habitable zones. Unstable stars also produce extreme solar flares and coronal mass ejections. Solar flares and coronal mass ejections can strip away a planet's atmosphere that is not replaceable. Thus life habitable zones require and very stable star like the Sun, at ±0.1% solar luminosity change.[10][11] Finding a stable star, like the Sun, is the search for a solar twin, with solar analogs that have been found.[12] Stars with an age of 4.6 billion years are at the most stable state. Proper star metallicity, size, mass, age, color, and temperature are also very important to having low luminosity variations.[13][14][15] The Sun is unique as it is metal rich for its age and type, a G2V star. The Sun is currently in its most stable stage and has the correct metallicity to make it very stable.[16] Dwarf stars (red dwarf/orange dwarf/brown dwarf/subdwarf) are not only unstabe, but also emit low energy, so habitable zone is very close to the star and the planet is tidally locked. Planet very close also puts it out of almost all the Life habitable zones.[17] Giant stars (subgiant/giant star/red giant/red supergiant) are unstable and emit high energy, so habitable zone is very far from star. Planet very far out also puts it out of almost all the Life habitable zones, in a place were there are no rocky planets.[18]
Main article: Habitable zone |
A conventional habitable zone is defined by liquid water.
Over time and with more research, astronomers, cosmologists and astrobiologist have discovered more parameters needed for life. Each parameter could have a corresponding zone. Some of the named zones include:[25][26]
Main articles: Life and Carbon-based life |
Life on Earth is carbon-based. However, some theories suggest that life could be based on other elements in the periodic table.[109] Other elements proposed have been silicon, boron, arsenic, ammonia, methane and others. As more research as been done on life on Earth, it has been found that only carbon's organic molecules have the complexity and stability to form life.[110][111][112] Carbon properties allows for complex chemical bonding that produces covalent bonds needed for organic chemistry. Carbon molecules are lightweight and relatively small in size. Carbon's ability to bond to oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur (called CHNOPS) is key to life.[113] [114][115]