Home appliance
Numerous home appliances may be used in kitchens
Industry	Food & Beverages, Health Care
Fuel source	Typically electric, some natural gas
Powered	Yes
Wheels	In some cases

Home appliances are electrical/mechanical machines which accomplish some household functions,^[1] such as cooking or cleaning. Home appliances can be classified into:

• Major appliances, or white goods^[2]
• Small appliances,
• Consumer electronics, or brown goods^[3]

This division is also noticeable in the maintenance and repair of these kinds of products. Brown goods usually require high technical knowledge and skills (which get more complex with time, such as going from a soldering iron to a hot-air soldering station), while white goods may need more practical skills and "brute force" to manipulate the devices and heavy tools required to repair them.

Definition

Given a broad usage, the domestic application attached to "home appliance" is tied to the definition of appliance as "an instrument or device designed for a particular use or function".^[4] More specifically, Collins dictionary defines "home appliance" as: "devices or machines, usually electrical, that are in your home and which you use to do jobs such as cleaning or cooking."^[5] The broad usage, afforded to the definition allows for nearly any device intended for domestic use to be a home appliance, including consumer electronics as well as stoves,^[6] refrigerators, toasters^[6] and air conditioners to light bulbs and water well pumps.^[7][8]

The Google Ngram Viewer shows that published usage of "home appliance" showed increasing usage from the 1930s to 1950s before slightly decreasing throughout the 1960s. The 1970s saw a large surge in use that varied throughout the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, but otherwise remained relatively steady into 2010.^[9]

History

While many appliances have existed for centuries, the self-contained electric or gas powered appliances are a uniquely American innovation that emerged in the twentieth century. The development of these appliances is tied the disappearance of full-time domestic servants and the desire to reduce the time consuming activities in pursuit of more recreational time. In the early 1900s, electric and gas appliances included washing machines, water heaters, refrigerators and sewing machines. The invention of Earl Richardson's small electric clothes iron in 1903 gave a small initial boost to the home appliance industry. In the Post–World War II economic expansion, the domestic use of dishwashers, and clothes dryers were part of a shift for convenience. Increasing discretionary income was reflected by a rise in miscellaneous home appliances.^[10][11][12]

In America during the 1980s, the industry shipped $1.5 billion worth of goods each year and employed over 14,000 workers, with revenues doubling between 1982 and 1990 to $3.3 billion. Throughout this period companies merged and acquired one another to reduce research and production costs and eliminate competitors, resulting in anti-trust legislation.

The United States Department of Energy passed the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act in 1987 which set energy standards that required manufacturers to reduce the energy consumption of the appliances by 25% every five years.^[10]

In the 1990s, the appliance industry was very consolidated, with over 90% of the products being sold by just five companies. For example, in 1991, dishwasher manufacturing market share was split between General Electric with 40% market share, Whirlpool with 31% market share, Electrolux with 20% market share, Maytag with 7% market share and Thermador with just 2% of market share.^[10]

Major appliances

Major appliances, also known as white goods, comprise major household appliances and may include: air conditioners,^[13] dishwashers,^[13] clothes dryers, drying cabinets, freezers, refrigerators,^[13] kitchen stoves, water heaters,^[13] washing machines,^[13] trash compactors, microwave ovens^[6] and induction cookers. White goods were typically painted or enameled white, and many of them still are.^[14]

• 
  A washing machine is a major appliance
• 
  A refrigerator is a major appliance

Small appliances

Small appliances are typically small household electrical entertainment appliances such as: home electronics,^[13] TV sets,^[6] CD and DVD players,^[6] camcorders, still cameras, clocks, alarm clocks, video game consoles, HiFi and home cinema, telephones and answering machines. Some types of brown goods were traditionally finished with or looked like wood or bakelite. This is now rather rare, but the name has stuck, even for goods that are unlikely ever to have been provided in a wooden case (e.g. camcorders).

Another type of small appliances, not called brown goods, relate to heating and cooling such as: fans^[6] and window mounted air conditioners, and heaters such as space heaters, ceramic heaters, gas heaters, kerosene heaters, and fan heaters. Yet another category is used in the kitchen, including: juicers, electric mixers,^[15][15] meat grinders, coffee grinders, deep fryers,^[15] herb grinders, food processors,^[15][16] electric kettles, waffle irons, coffee makers, blenders^[16] and dough blenders, rice cookers^[6] and exhaust hoods.

Microwave ovens contain complex electronic boards (the clock and controller) but aren't repaired very often. Some brands send whole boards for replacement, and some have them repaired by technicians.

• 
  Small kitchen appliances: a food processor, a waffle iron, a coffee maker, and an electric kettle
• 
  The small appliance department at a store

Networking of home appliances

There is a trend of networking home appliances together, and combining their controls and key functions.^[17] For instance, energy distribution could be managed more evenly so that when a washing machine is on, an oven can go into a delayed start mode, or vice versa. Or, a washing machine and clothes dryer could share information about load characteristics (gentle/normal, light/full), and synchronize their finish times so the wet laundry does not have to wait before being put in the dryer.

Additionally, some manufacturers of home appliances are quickly beginning to place hardware that enables Internet connectivity in home appliances to allow for remote control, automation, communication with other home appliances, and more functionality.^{[17][18][19][20]} Internet-connected home appliances were especially prevalent during recent Consumer Electronic Show events.^[21]

Typical Appliance Power Ratings

Typical Power Ratings of some Home Appliance.^[a]

Recycling

Appliance recycling consists of dismantling waste home appliances and scrapping their parts for reuse. The main types of appliances that are recycled are T.V.s, refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines, and computers. It involves disassembly, removal of hazardous components and destruction of the end-of-life equipment to recover materials, generally by shredding, sorting and grading.^[22]

• 
  New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina: mounds of trashed appliances with a few smashed automobiles mixed in, waiting to be scrapped