An often-repeated mathematical joke is that topologists cannot tell the difference between a coffee mug and a donut,[1] since a sufficiently pliable donut could be reshaped to the form of a coffee mug by creating a dimple and progressively enlarging it, while preserving the donut hole in the mug's handle. This illustrates that a coffee mug and a donut (torus) are homeomorphic.

In mathematics and more specifically in topology, a homeomorphism (from Greek roots meaning "similar shape", named by Henri Poincaré),[2][3] also called topological isomorphism, or bicontinuous function, is a bijective and continuous function between topological spaces that has a continuous inverse function. Homeomorphisms are the isomorphisms in the category of topological spaces—that is, they are the mappings that preserve all the topological properties of a given space. Two spaces with a homeomorphism between them are called homeomorphic, and from a topological viewpoint they are the same.

Very roughly speaking, a topological space is a geometric object, and a homeomorphism results from a continuous deformation of the object into a new shape. Thus, a square and a circle are homeomorphic to each other, but a sphere and a torus are not. However, this description can be misleading. Some continuous deformations do not result into homeomorphisms, such as the deformation of a line into a point. Some homeomorphisms do not result from continuous deformations, such as the homeomorphism between a trefoil knot and a circle. Homotopy and isotopy are precise definitions for the informal concept of continuous deformation.

Definition

A function between two topological spaces is a homeomorphism if it has the following properties:

A homeomorphism is sometimes called a bicontinuous function. If such a function exists, and are homeomorphic. A self-homeomorphism is a homeomorphism from a topological space onto itself. Being "homeomorphic" is an equivalence relation on topological spaces. Its equivalence classes are called homeomorphism classes.

The third requirement, that be continuous, is essential. Consider for instance the function (the unit circle in ) defined by This function is bijective and continuous, but not a homeomorphism ( is compact but is not). The function is not continuous at the point because although maps to any neighbourhood of this point also includes points that the function maps close to but the points it maps to numbers in between lie outside the neighbourhood.[4]

Homeomorphisms are the isomorphisms in the category of topological spaces. As such, the composition of two homeomorphisms is again a homeomorphism, and the set of all self-homeomorphisms forms a group, called the homeomorphism group of X, often denoted This group can be given a topology, such as the compact-open topology, which under certain assumptions makes it a topological group.[5]

In some contexts, there are homeomorphic objects that cannot be continuously deformed from one to the other. Homotopy and isotopy are equivalence relations that have been introduced for dealing with such situations.

Similarly, as usual in category theory, given two spaces that are homeomorphic, the space of homeomorphisms between them, is a torsor for the homeomorphism groups and and, given a specific homeomorphism between and all three sets are identified.[clarification needed]

Examples

A thickened trefoil knot is homeomorphic to a solid torus, but not isotopic in Continuous mappings are not always realizable as deformations.

Counter-examples

Properties

Informal discussion

The intuitive criterion of stretching, bending, cutting and gluing back together takes a certain amount of practice to apply correctly—it may not be obvious from the description above that deforming a line segment to a point is impermissible, for instance. It is thus important to realize that it is the formal definition given above that counts. In this case, for example, the line segment possesses infinitely many points, and therefore cannot be put into a bijection with a set containing only a finite number of points, including a single point.

This characterization of a homeomorphism often leads to a confusion with the concept of homotopy, which is actually defined as a continuous deformation, but from one function to another, rather than one space to another. In the case of a homeomorphism, envisioning a continuous deformation is a mental tool for keeping track of which points on space X correspond to which points on Y—one just follows them as X deforms. In the case of homotopy, the continuous deformation from one map to the other is of the essence, and it is also less restrictive, since none of the maps involved need to be one-to-one or onto. Homotopy does lead to a relation on spaces: homotopy equivalence.

There is a name for the kind of deformation involved in visualizing a homeomorphism. It is (except when cutting and regluing are required) an isotopy between the identity map on X and the homeomorphism from X to Y.

See also

References

  1. ^ Hubbard, John H.; West, Beverly H. (1995). Differential Equations: A Dynamical Systems Approach. Part II: Higher-Dimensional Systems. Texts in Applied Mathematics. Vol. 18. Springer. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-387-94377-0.
  2. ^ Poincaré, H. (1895). Analysis Situs. Journal de l'Ecole polytechnique. Gauthier-Villars. OCLC 715734142. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
    Poincaré, Henri (2010). Papers on Topology: Analysis Situs and Its Five Supplements. Translated by Stillwell, John. American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0-8218-5234-7.
  3. ^ Gamelin, T. W.; Greene, R. E. (1999). Introduction to Topology (2nd ed.). Dover. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-486-40680-0.
  4. ^ Väisälä, Jussi (1999). Topologia I. Limes RY. p. 63. ISBN 951-745-184-9.
  5. ^ Dijkstra, Jan J. (1 December 2005). "On Homeomorphism Groups and the Compact-Open Topology" (PDF). The American Mathematical Monthly. 112 (10): 910–912. doi:10.2307/30037630. JSTOR 30037630. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2016.