| Iceni | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Geography | |
| Capital | Venta Icenorum (Caistor St. Edmund) |
| Location | Norfolk Suffolk |
The Iceni or Eceni were a Brythonic tribe who inhabited an area of Britain corresponding roughly to the modern-day county of Norfolk between the 1st century BC and 1st century AD. The Cenimagni, who surrendered to Julius Caesar during his second expedition to Britain in 54 BC, may have been a branch of the Iceni [1] or it could be a corruption of Iceni Magni meaning "Great Iceni".
Archaeological evidence of the Iceni includes torcs - heavy rings of gold, silver or electrum worn around the neck and shoulders. The Iceni began producing coins circa 10 BC. Their coins were a distinctive adaptation of the Gallo-Belgic "face/horse" design, and in some early issues, most numerous near Norwich, the horse was replaced with a boar. Some coins are inscribed ECENI, making them the only coin-producing group to use their tribal name on coins. The earliest personal name to appear on coins is Antedios (ca. 10 BC), and other abbreviated names like AESU and SAEMU follow.[2]
Sir Thomas Browne the first British archaeological writer, said of the Roman occupation, Boudica and Iceni coins:
That Britain was notably populous is undeniable, from that expression of Caesar. That the Romans themselves were early in no small Numbers, Seventy Thousand with their associates slain by Bouadicea, affords a sure account... And no small number of silver peeces near Norwich; with a rude head upon the obverse, an ill-formed horse on the reverse, with the Inscriptions Ic. Duro.T. whether implying Iceni, Durotriges, Tascia, or Trinobantes, we leave to higher conjecture. The British Coyns afford conjecture of early habitation in these parts, though the City of Norwich arose from the ruins of Venta, and though perhaps not without some habitation before, was enlarged, built, and nominated by the Saxons.[3]
The Icknield Way, an ancient trackway linking East Anglia to the Chilterns may be named after the Iceni.
Tacitus records that the Iceni were not conquered in the Claudian invasion of AD 43, but had come to a voluntary alliance with the Romans. However they rose against them in 47 after the governor, Publius Ostorius Scapula, threatened to disarm them. They were defeated by Ostorius in a fierce battle at a fortified place, but were allowed to retain their independence.[4] The site of the battle may have been Stonea Camp in Cambridgeshire.
A second, more serious, uprising took place in 61. Prasutagus, the wealthy, pro-Roman Icenian king, had died. It was common practice for a Roman client king to leave his kingdom to Rome on his death, but Prasutagus had attempted to preserve his line by bequeathing his kingdom jointly to the Emperor and his own daughters. The Romans ignored this, and the procurator Catus Decianus seized his entire estate. Prasutagus's widow, Boudica, was flogged and her daughters raped. At the same time, Roman financiers called in their loans. While the governor, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, was campaigning in Wales, Boudica led the Iceni and the neighbouring Trinovantes in a large-scale revolt, destroying and looting Camulodunum (Colchester), Londinium (London) and Verulamium (St Albans) before finally being defeated by Suetonius Paulinus and his legions. Although the Britons outnumbered the Romans greatly, they lacked that superior discipline and tactics that won the Romans a decisive victory. [5]The battle took place at an unknown location, probably in the West Midlands somewhere along Watling Street. [6] Today, a large statue of Boudica wielding a sword and charging upon a chariot can be seen in London on the north bank of the Thames by Westminster Bridge.
The Iceni are recorded as a civitas of Roman Britain in Ptolemy's Geographia[7], which names Venta Icenorum as a town of theirs. Venta, which is also mentioned in the Ravenna Cosmography,[8] and the Antonine Itinerary,[9] was a settlement near the village of Caister Saint Edmunds, some 5 miles south of present-day Norwich, and a mile or two from the Bronze Age Henge at Arminghall.
After the Romans left Britain, it is thought that some of the Iceni migrated west away from settling Saxons in to the inhospitable marshlands around The Wash known as the Fens. It is possible that the Gyrwe tribes of the Fens recorded in the Mercian Tribal Hidage were formed by Icenian and other Romano-British refugees. Supporting this theory is the similarity between the name Gyrwe with Gwyr meaning "men" or Gyrrwr meaning "drover" in Welsh; both theoretically Brythonic self-appellations. The Fens formed a comparitive 'safe zone', surrounded by water and marshes, and were easily defended, as well as being not particularly desirable to invading Anglo-Saxons with more important places to control. In the Life of Saint Guthlac - a biography written about the East Anglian religious hermit who lived in the Fens during the early 8th Century - it is stated that Saint Guthlac was attacked on several occasions by people he believed were Britons living in the Fens at that time. This happened some two hundred years after the establishment of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in that area and the presumed expulsion of the Britons. References to surviving native British population are hinted at in the names of West Walton, Walsoken and Walpole, the 'Wal-' coming from the Old English 'walh', meaning 'foreigner'. [10] The territory of the South Gyrwas included Ely. Æthelthryth founded Ely monastery after the death of her husband Tondberht, who is described in Bede's Ecclesiastical History as a "prince of the South Gyrwas".[11]
While the meaning of the name Iceni is unknown, it is tempting to see it as derived from a Proto-Celtic adjective cognate with Latin picea ‘pine tree,’ the Italic tribal name Piceni, English picene, and with the English hydronym Itchen. Icenian coins dating from the 1st Century AD use the spelling ECEN.