Template:Infobox Israel municipality Kiryat Arba or Qiryat Arba (Template:Lang-he-n), lit. "Town of the Four," is an urban Israeli settlement on the outskirts of Hebron, in the Judean Mountains region of the West Bank. Founded in 1968, in 2022 it had a population of 7,490.

The international community considers Israeli settlements illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.[1] According to a classified 1970 document “The method for establishing Kiryat Arba" released in 2016, the establishment of Kiryat Arba used a system of annexing land to a military base for the purpose of civilian settlement,[2] the first time this happened in the West Bank according to Shlomo Gazit.[2]

Etymology

Kiryat Arba is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (Genesis 23) as the place where Abraham buried Sarah. The Book of Joshua chapter 14 verse 15 says (Darby Bible): "Now the name of Hebron before was Kirjath-Arba; the great man among the Anakim..."[3] There are various explanations for the name, not mutually exclusive. According to the Biblical commentator Rashi, Kiryat Arba ("Town of Arba") means either the town (kirya) of Arba, the giant who had three sons, or the town of the four giants: Anak (the son of Arba) and his three sons – Ahiman, Sheshai and Talmai – who are described as being the sons of a "giant" in Numbers 13:22: "On the way through the Negev, they (Joshua and Caleb) came to Hebron where [they saw] Ahiman, Sheshai and Talmi, descendants of the Giant (ha-anak)..."[4] Some say that Anak ("Giant", see Anak) is a proper name (Targum Jonathan and the Septuagint),[5] and that he, Anak, may have been the father of the three others mentioned in the Book of Numbers as living in Hebron, previously known as "Kiryat Arba."

Alternatively, the name may refer to the four couples buried in the Machpela Cave: Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebecca, Jacob and Leah, and according to the Zohar, Adam and Eve.[6]

History

Israeli settlement in Hebron

In 1968, a group of Jews led by Rabbi Moshe Levinger and Rabbi Eliezer Waldman founded Kiryat Arba on the eastern outskirts of Hebron.[citation needed] Israeli settlers claimed that Jewish settlement around Hebron was justified in light of the 1929 Hebron massacre and the continuous presence of Jews in the area until then.[7] Building began on an abandoned military base in 1970, and residents moved in the following year. The town is a self-sufficient community, with pre-nursery through post-secondary educational institutions, medical facilities, shopping centers, a bank and a post office. Kiryat Arba attained local council status in 1979. While Kiryat Arba is located within the territory of the Har Hebron Regional Council, it is an independent local council.[8][9]

Israeli settlers living at Kiryat Arba have been subjected to multiple attacks by Palestinians. Between 1981 and 1986, four people from Kiryat Arba were shot and wounded in the Hebron marketplace. In 1994, a 17-year Sarit Prigral from Kiryat Arba was shot and killed in a drive-by shooting.[10][11] In March 2003, Eli and Dina Horowitz were shot to death in their home and five others wounded.[12][13][12] On November 26, 2009, a Palestinian stabbed and wounded two Israelis at a Kiryat Arba gas station. The Palestinian was then shot dead by an Israeli soldier.[14] On August 31, 2010, four residents, including a pregnant woman, were shot to death in their car by Hamas militants outside Kiryat Arba.[15] The Palestinian Authority arrested the perpetrators, but promptly released them after Hamas accused it of treason. On October 8, 2010, Israeli troops killed two of the perpetrators and arrested six during a raid in Hebron. In October 2011, a Palestinian stoning attack near Kiryat Arba caused the car of a resident to overturn, killing him and his infant son. The man's handgun and wallet were then stolen.[16] Following an investigation by Shin Bet, the IDF and police, two Palestinians from Halhul were arrested for throwing the stones that caused the car to overturn, and three others were arrested for stealing the gun.[17] On 30 June, 2016, a Palestinian from the nearby village of Bani Naim entered a house in Kiryat Arba and stabbed to death 13-year-old Hallel Yaffa Ariel, an Israeli-American girl. The attacker was shot to death, after also wounding a security guard who responded to the Ariel stabbing.[18]

Baruch Goldstein, a Kiryat Arba physician, was responsible for the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre during which 29 unarmed Palestinian worshippers were shot to death and 125 others were wounded.[10]

Status under international law

Kiryat Arba cultural center
Kahane Park, Kiryat Arba

Like all Israeli settlements in the Israeli-occupied territories, Kiryat Arba is considered illegal under international law, though the Israeli government disputes this.[1][19] The international community considers Israeli settlements to violate the Fourth Geneva Convention's prohibition on the transfer of an occupying power's civilian population into occupied territory.[20] Israel disputes that the Fourth Geneva Convention applies to the Palestinian territories as they had not been legally held by a sovereign prior to Israel taking control of them. This view has been rejected by the International Court of Justice and the International Committee of the Red Cross.[21]

Landmarks

Kahane Park is named for Rabbi Meir Kahane, founder of Kach, a far right political party that is banned and considered a terrorist organization in Israel. Meir Kahane was assassinated in the United States by an Arab gunman.[22] The grave of Baruch Goldstein, who perpetrated the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre, is across the street from the park.

Notable residents

References

  1. ^ a b "The Geneva Convention". BBC. December 10, 2009.
  2. ^ a b Secret 1970 Document Confirms First West Bank Settlements Built on a Lie
  3. ^ "Joshua 14 / Hebrew – English Bible". Mechon-Mamre. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  4. ^ http://bible.ort.org/books/pentd2.asp?ACTION=displaypage&BOOK=4&CHAPTER=13. Retrieved April 10, 2014. ((cite web)): |url= missing title (help)
  5. ^ http://bible.ort.org/books/pentd2.asp?ACTION=displaypage&BOOK=4&CHAPTER=13#C2984. Retrieved April 10, 2014. ((cite web)): |url= missing title (help)
  6. ^ Winter, Dave (1999). Israel Handbook.[page needed]
  7. ^ Michael Feige (2009). Settling in the Hearts: Jewish Fundamentalism in the Occupied Territories. Wayne State University Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-0814327500.
  8. ^ "Beit HaShalom – the House of Peace – a new Jewish building in Hebron". March 19, 2007. Archived from the original on April 30, 2007. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Jpost Archived January 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ a b "Terrorist attacks and violent incidents in Kiryat Arba". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  11. ^ "Comprehensive Listing of Terrorism Victims in Israel". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
  12. ^ a b "Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism Since 2000". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  13. ^ "Dina Horowitz". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved October 24, 2017. ((cite web)): Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  14. ^ Fendel, Hillel (November 26, 2009). "Kiryat Arba: Two Wounded in Terror Stabbing". Arutz Sheva.
  15. ^ Kieron Monks (November 2, 2010). "The Lawless West Bank: The Next Powder Keg?". Newstatesman.com. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  16. ^ Altman, Yair (September 25, 2011). "Police conclude Kiryat Arba car crash a terror attack". YNet.
  17. ^ Altman, Yair (October 6, 2011). "2 Palestinians arrested for Palmer murder".
  18. ^ "Israeli girl stabbed to death by Palestinian inside bedroom". BBC News. BBC. June 30, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
  19. ^ Israel settlers obstruct building curbs inspectors BBC News. December 1, 2009
  20. ^ The settlers' struggle BBC News. December 19, 2003
  21. ^ Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory Archived July 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine International Court of Justice, July 9, 2004. pp. 44–45
  22. ^ Specter, Michael (November 6, 1990). "Jewish Leader Kahane Slain in New York". Washington Post.

External links

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