Significant policies
Economic
- Passed the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1894. This established a conciliation and compulsory arbitration system with the aim of providing the unions with the means of protecting their members. The act encouraged the growth of unions by limiting labour representation at the arbitration court to registered unions.
- Legislation was introduced to protect vulnerable groups, such as the gumdiggers, miners, shop assistants, shearers, and servants[2].
- A Department of Labor was established (1891) to ensure that improvements in working conditions took place[3] to inspect shearing sheds, shops, factories, and generally to examine working conditions. The new department helped to reduce unemployment by transporting labourers to jobs, and assisted more than 90,000 men and their dependents find a family income over the course of the next decade[4].
- Factory hours and working conditions were strictly regulated and children were removed from factories[3].The 1891 Factory Act gave legal definition to a factory. The 1894 Factory Act required registration and inspection of factories, specified maximum hours of work for women and young persons, and prevented those under the age of fourteen being employed in factories. By 1896, 4,600 factories with 31,000 workers and a further 7,000 shop assistants were registered with the Department of Labour.
- The 1892 Shop-Assistants Act dealt with sanitation and inspection[4]. It also introduced a compulsory half-holiday for retail workers[3].
- The Wages Protection Bill (1898) was designed to protect workers’ wage packets from arbitrary deductions by employers[4].
- The New Zealand Accident Insurance Act (1899) provided the Commissioner of life insurance with the powers to insure people against accidents, and could also insure employers from liability for accidents to any of their employees[4].
- The Shipping and Seamen’s Act (1894) specified minimum crews and safety conditions for shipping[4].
- The public service was significantly expanded between 1891 and 1911. By 1912, more than 40,000 people were on the state’s payroll, compared to roughly 10,000 in 1890[5].
- The Coal Mines Act (1901) established state mines to compete directly with privately owned mines[6].
- The Fires Brigades Act (1906) increased subsidies for volunteer fire brigades[7].
- Public works schemes such as road construction were encouraged and helped to reduce unemployment.
- A Land and Income Tax Bill was passed which introduced direct taxation as well as a graduated land tax. The bill also repealed the former inequitable property tax.
- The government won the right to repurchase private land for development.
- Tariff protection to foster industrial employment was applied in the late 1880s.
- A significant industrial expansion took place, such as in the metal trades, in printing, in the clothing and processing industries, and in new industries such as electrical supply, fibrous-plaster works, and wire-marking[8].
- A State Fire Insurance Office and State Coal Mines with their own sale depots were established.
- The Truck Act (1891) forced all employers to pay in cash instead of goods[9].
- The Coal Mines Act (1891) authorised the government to purchase two West Coast mines[9].
- The Employers’ Liability Amendment Act enabled workers to recover damages for injuries received from either faulty equipment or negligence on the part of the employer, and also outlawed any arrangement whereby a worker agreed not to claim for any damages[10].
- The Contractors and Workmen’s Liens Bill protected the rights of workers and contractors for payment for work done[10].
- 48 hours a week was established by law as the normal working time for men in factories (1901)[10].
- Women and young people in employment were limited to a 45-hour workweek (1901)[10].
- A law relating to shipping and seamen was passed which improved the safety and protection of those working on ships and provided for specified skilled officers and for the care of seamen taken ill[10].
- The Workers’ Compensation for Accidents Act (1900) extended employers’ liability for accidents to workers to cover “all injuries arising out of, and in the course of, employment”[10].
- An accident branch of the Government Insurance Department was established (1901) to provide insurance facilities for employers for risk of injury. Under the Act, certain diseases were classified as accidents (such as mercury poisoning, lead poisoning, and anthrax), and thus injury relating to a person’s line of work “became recognised as a proper charge on industry”[10].
- The Workmen’s Wages Act required the wages of manual workers to be paid at least on a weekly basis, while also strengthening the protection of wage payments due under contracts[10].
Social policy
- Public Health Act founded the Department of Public Health in 1901.
- The Midwives Act (1904) was passed with the aims of regulating midwifery through a midwives’ register, providing better training of midwives, and reducing maternal and infant mortality amongst working-class mothers[11].The legislation also encouraged the construction of state maternity hospitals[4].
- In 1911, miners suffering from pneumoconiosis began receiving payments from a small relief fund set up by the government the previous year[12].
- Steps were taken to teach oral hygiene in schools following a plea by dentists to the government in 1905[13].
- Subsidies on a pound for pound basis were made available to local authorities for water purification and sanitation[14].
- The Military Pensions Act (1911) introduced payments for veterans of the wars of the 1860s[15].
- A rudimentary district nursing system was set up in areas with a high Maori population[16].
- Maori medical services came to be co-ordinated under the auspices of the Department of public Health[17].
- The Hospital and Charitable Institutions Act (1909) established 36 hospital districts, each with an elected hospital board[18].
- A Department of Health was set up (1909), which initially concentrated on providing better sanitation, clean water, and sewage disposal, and dealt with quarantine matters[19].
- Increased funds were allocated to education[20].
- Many new schools were built each year, while the number of teachers grew more rapidly than students, enabling class sizes to be reduced[21].
- Technical education was expanded, with 13,500 students attending such classes by 1912 at eight institutions[22].
- Vaccination against several diseases was promoted[23].
- The Pharmacy Board worked on a set of regulations (in 1911) governing the labelling of food and drugs, and the protection of meat and milk products. They were gazetted in 1913 under the Sale of Food and drugs Act of 1907[24].
- A system of medical inspections of children before they passed out of primary school was initiatedref>ibid.</ref>.
- After 1895, students could receive assistance with rail transport to and from schools, and over the next few years small boarding allowances were paid as well[25].
- A variety of superannuation schemes for government workers were introduced. Starting in 1893 with the Civil Service Insurance Act, special schemes for railway and post office workers were introduced. In 1908, a comprehensive retirement scheme for all remaining state employees was established[26].
- Provision of compensation for work-related injuries was introduced[3].
- The National Provident Fund Act (1910) encouraged the provision of annuities in old age[27]. It also made special provision “for the support of dependent children by providing for the payment, on the death of a contributor, of a weekly allowance to the widow so long as any child is under 14 years of age, due after contributing for five years”[28].Referred to as a “government friendly society,” provided maternity medical expenses, sickness and death benefits, and a weekly pension at sixty which varied according to the level of contributions[4].
- A free textbook scheme was launched[2].
- Farmers were settled on perpetual state leaseholds.
- A lease-in-perpetuity (999-year lease) was introduced (1892) to provide security for settlers who could not afford to purchase freehold land[29].
- Credit for land purchase and improvements was provided.
- Subletting of government contracts for public works was abolished.
- The Lands for Settlement Act opened up crown land for leasing. In 1894, it was amended to force owners of large estates to sell portions of their holdings.
- The Government Advances to Settlers Act (1894) significantly expanded the supply of credit available to farmers. It enabled farmers to borrow from the state upon security at reasonable interest rates.
- A Department of Agriculture was established[9].
- The Shipping and Seamen’s Amendment Act stipulated the proportion of trained shipmen on a ship[9].
- The Shop and Shop-assistants Act enforced weekend holidays[9].
- A Factories Act stipulated maximum working hours for women and children, while forbidding the employment of children under the age of fourteen[9].
- The Factories Act (1894) provided for the registration and inspection of factories and closely regulated the employment of women and children[30].
- By the First World War the national primary school service had been considerably improved[31].
- The Divorce Act (1898), and the repeal (1910) of the Contagious Diseases Act removed various forms of legal discrimination against women[32].
- Child welfare was given greater attention, as demonstrated by the passing of legislation raising the age of consent (1896), better protection for the homeless (1896), the prohibition of children from smoking (1903), and attempts to create effective legal structures for dealing with juveniles (1906) [33].
- Protection for women in inheritance cases was introduced and deserting husbands were made to provide maintenance under the Testators’ Family Maintenance Act (1900)[3].
- A plan for unemployed workers to clear and then lease landholdings was sponsored.
- The Workers Dwellings Act (1905) encouraged the construction of 648 houses by 1919 [34].
- The money lent under the Advances to Workers Act (1906) led to the construction of 9,675 houses by 1919 led to the construction of 648 houses by 1919 [35]. By 1913, nearly 9,000 government housing loans had been extended by the government[4].
- Old-age Pensions Act of 1898. Pensions were later introduced for widows (1911), Maori War veterans (1912), miners (1915), and the blind (1924).
- Free places in secondary schools were introduced (1902). By the end of the First Liberal Government, fewer than 20% of all secondary students paid any fees.[4].
- Hospitals were constructed for working-class mothers (1905)[3].
- A Defence Act was made law (1910) to introduce compulsory military training[3].
- A Department of Tourist and Health Resorts was established (1901)[36].
- Amendments to the Destitute Persons Laws in 1894, 1908 and 1910 extended rights to maintenance[37].
- Road construction was encouraged.
- A Women’s Employment Bureau established (1895)[38].
- The Crimes Act (1910) introduced the “reformative detention” sentence, which ensured that a person could be held for a period long enough for necessary reform training to be undertaken[10].
- Women were granted practical equality and divorce rights[10].
- The Testators’ Family Maintenance Act (1900) helped to protect the economic rights of wives and children[10].
- The lease-in-perpetuity was abolished to benefit freeholders. In its place, short renewable leases with periodic revaluations were introduced, and tenants were provided with the right to purchase their land outright at its current value[39].
Foreign policy
- Declared the Flag of New Zealand as New Zealand's national flag in 1902.
- Committed New Zealand troops to Boer War.
- Annexed the Cook Islands (1901)
New Zealand's foreign policy at this time expressed a sense of nationhood but also of Britishness: New Zealanders were proud of their young nation and of being part of the British Empire. The annexation of the Cook Islands can be seen as part of a desire to create a miniature empire in the Pacific, which would be part of the wider British Empire. New Zealand's enthusiastic involvement in the Boer War expressed both loyalty to 'mother Britain' and a sense of being a nation which could play its part on the world stage. The war was the first overseas conflict to which New Zealand committed troops. Although the New Zealand blue ensign became the country's national flag, the Union Jack, the flag of Great Britain, continued to be widely used (the medals awarded at the conclusion of the war featured the flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand).
Treaty of Waitangi and Maori
- Passed the Tohunga Suppression Act in 1907
- The Māori Councils Act (1900) instituted a Maoris council scheme was instituted (1900) which, although short-lived, brought some improvements in health, slowed land sales, and provided Maoris with more say in running their local affairs[3].
Constitutional
- Passed a resolution declaring New Zealand the Dominion of New Zealand in 1907, formally ending colonial status.
- Granted women's suffrage in 1893.
- Life membership in the upper house was reduced to a seven-year term.
- The stranglehold of the Legislative Council was broken[3].
