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This is a list of ethnically Tamil and predominantly Tamil speaking monarchs, who ruled in Southern India and parts of Sri Lanka and South East Asia. The ancient Tamil monarchy was largely hereditary and supported by numerous chieftains.[1]

Tamil royal titles

Three Crowned Kings

Main article: Three Crowned Kings
Tamilakam in the 'Sangam Period.

The three crowned kings known as Muvendar were the traditional three Tamil dynasties that ruled the Tamilakam since the Sangam era.

Pandyan dynasty (c. 600 BCE – 1620 CE)

Main article: Pandyan dynasty
Pandyan Empire at greatest extent

Early Pandyans (c. 6th century BCE – 3rd century CE)

Main article: Early Pandyan Kingdom

Imperial Pandyans (590–920 CE)

Pandyans under Chola empire (920–1216 CE)

Main article: Chola dynasty

Later Pandyans (1212–1345 CE)

Tenkasi Pandyans (1422–1620 CE)

Main article: Tenkasi Pandyas

During the 15th century, the Pandyans lost their traditional capital city Madurai to Delhi Sultanate, and were forced to move their capital to Tirunelveli in southern Tamilakam and existed there as vassals.

Mutharaiyar dynasty (600 and 850 CE)

Mutharaiyar dynasty is one of the royal dynasty in Tamil Nadu state of India. Mutharaiyars ruled Tanjore, Trichy and Pudukottai regions from 600 CE to 850 CE.

Admirable accounts of Mutharaiyar kings are found in the Tamil epics Nālaṭiyār and Muthollaayiram

Kuvavan Maaran alias Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar I (650-680 CE)

Maaran Parameswaran alias Ilangovadiaraiyan (680 -705 CE)

Suvaran Maran alias Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar II (705-745 CE)

Videlviduku Satan Maran(745 -770 CE)

Peradiarayan alias Marbiduku(770-791 CE)

Kuvavan Satan alias Videlviduku Mutharaiyar(791 -826 CE)

sandhan Pailiili(826 -851 CE)

Chola dynasty (c. 300 BCE – 1280 CE)

Main article: Chola dynasty
Chola Empire at greatest extent

Legendary Chola rulers

Main article: Legendary early Chola kings

Early Chola rulers (c. 300 BCE – 850 CE)

Main article: Early Cholas
A bronze statue of Karikalan.

Imperial Chola Empire (850–1279 CE)

Main articles: Medieval Cholas and Later Cholas
A sculpture of Rajaraja Chola I.

Chera dynasty (c. 300 BCE – 1528 CE)

Main article: Chera dynasty
South India & location of Cheras in west

Early Chera rulers (c. 3rd century BCE – 4th century CE)

A Chera coin with legend "Makkotai"
A Chera coin with legend "Kuttuvan Kotai"

From inscriptions

From inscribed coins

Kongu Chera dynasty (c. 400–844 CE)

Main article: Kongu Chera dynasty

Chera Perumal dynasty (844–1122 CE)

Main article: Chera/Perumals of Makotai

Venadu Chera dynasty (Kulasekhara) (1090–1528 CE)

Main article: Venad (historical region)

Pallava Empire (c. 275–897 CE)

Main article: Pallava dynasty
A Pallava coin with lion insigne of Narasimhavarman I.

Early Pallavas

Middle Pallavas

Later Pallavas

Ay Kingdom

Main article: Ay Kingdom

Ay chieftains (early historic)

Medieval Ay kings

Mushika Kingdom

Main article: Mushika Kingdom

Early rulers

Medieval rulers

Jaffna Kingdom (c. 1277–1619 CE)

Main article: Jaffna Kingdom
Image of Singai Parasasekaran, his sons Pandaram, Paranirupsingan and Cankili I

Kingdom of Ramnad (c. 1601–1949 CE)

Main article: Ramnad estate

List of Sethupathi rulers

Chieftains With the Madurai Nayaks (c. 1601–1677)

Imperial rulers (c. 1678–1795 CE)

Rulers of princely state under British Raj (c. 1795–1949 CE)

As King

As Zamindars

Pudukkottai Kingdom (c. 1686–1948 CE)

Main article: Pudukkottai state

Sivaganga Kingdom (c. 1725–1947 CE)

Main article: Sivaganga estate
Zamindar under British rule (1803–1947)

Velir Monarches

Main article: Velirs

Palaiyakkarar Monarches

Main article: Palaiyakkarar

Nayaka dynasties

Main articles: Nayaka dynasties and Nayak (title)

Nayaks, Nayakas or Nayakars were a Telugu-origin dynasty that established themselves after the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire as sovereign rulers of Tamil territories and replaced the indigenous Tamil dynasties like Cholas and Pandyans.

Nayaks Kingdom of Gingee (1509–1649 CE)

Main article: Nayaks of Gingee

Madurai Nayak Kingdom (1529–1736 CE)

Main article: Madurai Nayak dynasty

Thanjavur Nayak kingdom (1532–1673 CE)

Main article: Thanjavur Nayak kingdom

Kingdom of Kandy (1739–1815 CE)

Main article: Nayaks of Kandy

Other Tamil monarchs

See also

References

  1. ^ Splendours of Tamil Nadu. p.146
  2. ^ "genealogy of the royal house of jaffna".
  3. ^ K. R. Venkatarama Ayyar, Sri Brihadamba State Press, 1938, A Manual of the Pudukkóttai State, p.720
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