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Early rule
Conquest of the Persian Empire
Expedition into India
Death and legacy
Cultural impact
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Alexander the Great founded, substantially re-established, or renamed numerous towns and cities.
Below are some of these cities[1] (with present-day locations):
Modern Bulgaria
Modern Turkey
- Alexandria by the Latmus, possibly Alinda
- Alexandria near Issus; İskenderun preserves the name, but probably not the exact site.
- Smyrna. According to the legend, after Alexander hunted on the Mount Pagus, he slept under a plane tree at the sanctuary of Nemesis. While he was sleeping, the goddess appeared and told him to found a city there and move into it the Smyrnaeans from the "old" city. The Smyrnaeans sent ambassadors to the oracle at Clarus to ask about this, and after the response from the oracle they decided to move to the "new" Smyrna.[2]
Modern Syria
- Nikephorion, present day Raqqa. Isidore of Charax, in the Parthian Stations, wrote that it was a Greek city founded by Alexander the Great.[3][4]
Modern Jordan
- Jerash, some sources claim that the city was founded by Alexander or soldiers of Alexander.[5]
- Other cities in the region also claimed Alexander as their founder.[5]
Modern Egypt
Modern Iraq
- Alexandria in Susiana, later Charax Spasinu
- Alexandria of Mygdonia, probably in the area of Erbil[6]
- Alexandria on the Pallakopas, on the Pallakopas canal near Babylon[7]
Modern Iran
- Alexandria Carmania, potentially identified as the city of Gulashkird, Iran, now modern Faryab, Iran
- Sanābād, modern Mashhad,[8] Khorāsān-e Razavī province, Iran.
- Alexandropolis in Parthia, unknown location.[9]
Modern Tajikistan
- Alexandria Eschate, at or close to modern Khujand
Modern Uzbekistan
Modern Turkmenistan
- Alexandria in Margiana, formerly Merv
Modern Afghanistan
- Alexandria Ariana, now Herat
- Alexandria Prophthasia, perhaps Farah, Afghanistan
- Alexandria Arachosia, now Kandahar
- Alexandria Sakastene, at or close to modern Zaranj[7]
- Alexandria in the Caucasus, now Bagram
- Alexandria on the Oxus or Alexandria Oxiana. Location unknown, tentatively identified with either Ai-Khanoum in Afghanistan or Kampir Tepe in Uzbekistan.
- Alexandria in Opiana, Ghazni
- Alexandria near Bactra, at or near Balkh[7]
- Nikaia or Nicaea, at or near Jalalabad[6]
Modern Pakistan
- Arigaeum, modern Nawagai, Bajaur
- Nicaea, somewhere in modern Punjab
- Alexandria Bucephalus (Bucephala), somewhere in modern Punjab. Maybe Phalia or Gujrat, Pakistan or Jalalpur Sharif.
- Alexandria on the Acesines, on or near the Acesines river (modern Chenab) in Pakistan.[7]
- Alexandria on the Indus, possibly Uch.
- Alexandria of the Sogdoi, on the Indus river in Pakistan. Exact location unknown.[7]
- Patala, unknown, possibly near Hyderabad, Sindh
- Xylinepolis, unknown, possibly near Hyderabad, Sindh
- Alexandria in Orietai or Alexandria Rhambacia, possibly Bela, Pakistan.
- Alexandria, possibly near modern Multan. There is some evidence this city may have been called Alexandria Soriana, located at modern-day Shorkot, Pakistan.[10]
- Alexandrou Limen or Portus Macedonum, founded near the old Indian town of Patala at the mouth of the Indus river in Regio Patalis. May have been close to modern day Karachi.[11]
- Rhambacia, after Alexander conquered the town of Rhambacia, he ordered Hephaestion to built a city, because he believed that a city there would become great and prosperous.[12]
- Ora, after Alexander conquered the town Ora of the Oritians, he ordered Apollophanes to built a city.[13]
Modern India
- Alexandria on the Hyphasis; In Punjab, India on the western bank of the Beas (Hyphasis) river.
See also
References
- ^ "Alexander's City Foundations". Livius.org. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
- ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 7.5
- ^ Isidoros of Charax, Parthian Stations, § 1.2
- ^ Périple de Marcien d'Héraclée, Épitome d'Artemidore, Isidore de Charax, etc., ou, Supplément aux dernières éditions des Petits géographes, p.248
- ^ a b Getzel Cohen (2006). The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa. University of California Press. p. 250. doi:10.1525/california/9780520241480.001.0001. ISBN 9780520241480. S2CID 126460543.
- ^ a b The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, ALEXANDRIAN FOUNDATIONS Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Soviet Central Asia, India
- ^ a b c d e f Getzel Cohen (2013). The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520953567.
- ^ muhammad-bagher al-majlisi, bahaar-ol-anvaar
- ^ Pliny, Nat. 6.29
- ^ François Laouenan (1884). Du brahmanisme et de ses rapports avec le judaisme et le christianisme. La Mission Catholique.
- ^ Erdosy, M. "Places: 59677 (Alexandrou Limen/Portus Macedonum)". Pleiades.
- ^ Arrian, Anabasis, 6.21
- ^ Arrian, Anabasis, 6.22
This article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names).