This is a list of notable individual swords, known either from historical record or from surviving artifacts.
Legendary swords
These swords do not survive as artifacts or are not and have not been available for public inspection, and their description may be of doubtful historicity.
Asian
- Kusanagi-no-tsurugi ("Grass-Cutting Sword", time period disputed), one of the three Imperial Regalia of Japan. Allegedly kept at Atsuta Shrine but is not available for public display. Its existence and origins remain doubtful.[1]
- Thuận Thiên ("Heaven's Will"), the sword of the Lê Lợi, Emperor of Đại Việt from 1428 to 1433.
- Zulfiqar, Contrary to popular belief, this sword does not have a scissor-like tip, but a sword that has a backbone behind its blade belonging to Ali, the first Imam from 632 to 661. The sword's location is unknown, but Twelver Muslims regard it as a hereditary cynosure along with other messianic artifacts, including the staff of Moses, the ring of Suleiman, etc., that will identify the twelfth Imam (Muhammad al-Mahdi). The prefix "zul" is a possessive pronoun and "fiqar" means spinal cord.
European
- Sword of Attila or the Sword of Mars, the sword of Attila the Hun, ruler of the Huns from 434 to 453.[2]
- Colada ("Cast [Steel]"), one of two swords owned by El Cid, the other being Tizona, which is preserved.
- Żuraw or Grus ("Crane"), the sword of Boleslaus III, Duke of Poland from 1107 to 1138. Possibly the same sword as Szczerbiec, which is preserved.[3]
- Leggbítr or Leggbít ("Legbiter"), a gaddhjalt sword of the Magnus Barefoot, viking and King of Norway from 1093 to 1103.[4]
- Durandal, purported to be the sword of French military leader Roland. An alleged fragment of Durendal is located in Rocamadour.[5]
Artifacts
These swords are preserved artifacts, or were previously preserved artifacts that are now lost. Their attribution to historical characters may be doubtful.
European
- Britain and Ireland
- The Manx Sword of State (15th century), a ceremonial sword used by the parliament of the Isle of Man at the annual Tynwald ceremony. Originally attributed to Olaf the Black. Displayed at the Manx Museum.[6]
- The Scottish Sword of State (1507), part of the Honours of Scotland displayed at the Crown Room of Edinburgh Castle.[7]
- The Sword of Spiritual Justice (early 17th century), probably supplied for the coronation of Charles I in 1626. Displayed at the Jewel House, Tower of London.[8]
- The Sword of Temporal Justice (before 1626), probably supplied for the coronation of Charles I in 1626. Displayed at the Jewel House, Tower of London.[9]
- The Sword of Mercy (c. 1620), part of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, a reproduction of the original, which is now lost. Displayed at the Jewel House, Tower of London.[10]
- The Irish Sword of State (1660), a ceremonial sword of the Kingdom of Ireland. An earlier Irish sword of state was lost after 1581.[11] Displayed at the Jewel House, Tower of London.[12]
- The Sword of State (1678), part of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom displayed at the Jewel House, Tower of London.[13]
- The Sword of Offering (1820), part of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom displayed at the Jewel House, Tower of London.[14]
- The Wallace Sword (time period disputed), a large sword alleged to have been used by Scottish patriot and knight William Wallace. Displayed at the Wallace Monument.
- The Prince of Wales's Investiture Sword (1911), designed for the investiture of Prince Edward (later Edward VIII and subsequently Duke of Windsor), and also used for the investiture of Prince Charles in 1969. Part of the Honours of the Principality of Wales and held by the Royal Collection. An earlier investiture sword from Tudor times was used before 1911.[15][16]
- Guy of Warwick's sword (time period disputed), reputedly belonged to the legendary Guy of Warwick who is said to have lived in the 10th century. Displayed at Warwick Castle.[17]
- Western Europe
- Iberia
- Northern Europe
- The Swedish Rikssvärdet [sv] ("Sword of State", 1541) and the "äldre rikssvärdet [sv]" (Older Sword of State, before 1541), personal swords of Gustav I of Sweden. Part of the Regalia of Sweden displayed at the Stockholm Palace.[21]
- The Crown Prince's Sword (1620), presented to the Treasury in 1810 by King Charles XIII of Sweden to be used as a crown prince's sword. Part of the Regalia of Sweden displayed at the Stockholm Palace.[22]
- King Gustav III's King's Sword (1772), commissioned by King Gustav III of Sweden for his coronation. Part of the Regalia of Sweden displayed at the Stockholm Palace.[23]
- Christian III's sword of state (1551), part of the Danish Crown Regalia displayed at the Rosenborg Castle.[24]
- The Danish Kroningskården ("Anointing Sword", 1643), part of the Danish Crown Regalia displayed at the Rosenborg Castle.[25]
- The Norwegian Rikssverdet ("Sword of State", 19th century), part of the Regalia of Norway. Personal sword of Jean Bernadotte who was later crowned as Charles XIV John of Sweden. Displayed at the Archbishop's Palace, Trondheim.[26] An earlier sword of state was lost after 1537.[27]
- Central Europe
- The Sword of Saints Cosmas and Damian (10th century), thought to have been a gift by Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor to the Essen Abbey. Displayed at the Essen Cathedral Treasury.[28][29]
- The Sabre of Charlemagne (early 10th century), an early sabre of Hungarian (Magyar) type falsely reputed to have belonged to the ruler Charlemagne. Displayed at the Imperial Treasury, Vienna.[30]
- The Sword of Saint Wenceslas (10th - 13th century), a ceremonial sword used in the Kingdom of Bohemia during coronation ceremonies in Prague. Displayed as part of the Treasury of St. Vitus Cathedral at the Prague Castle.[31]
- The Reichsschwert ("Imperial Sword", 12th century) of the Holy Roman Empire, part of the Imperial Regalia displayed at the Imperial Treasury, Vienna.[32]
- Szczerbiec ("The Notched [Sword]", 13th century), the coronation sword of the kings of Poland. Displayed at the Wawel Castle.[3][33]
- The Sword of Scanderbeg (15th century), alleged to be the sword of Albanian nobleman Skanderbeg, displayed at the Kunsthistorisches Museum.[34][35]
- The Grunwald swords (Before 1410), once part of the Polish Crown Jewels, lost in 1853.
- The Sigismuntus Iustus [pl] ("[Sword of] Justice of Sigismund", c. 1520), sword of King Sigismund I the Old. Displayed at the Wawel Castle.[33]
- The ceremonial sword of Stanisław August Poniatowski [pl] (1764), sword of King Stanisław II Augustus. Displayed at the Royal Castle, Warsaw.[36]
- The execution sword of Katte [de], supposedly an executioner's sword used to behead Hans Hermann von Katte. There are two swords purporting to be the genuine sword:
- The execution sword of Katte (18th century), kept at the City Museum of Brandenburg [de] until 2014, when the sword was returned to the von Katte family.[37]
- The executioner's sword with scabbard (17th - 18th century), kept by the Stadtmuseum Berlin Foundation [de].[38]
- Southern Europe
- Russia
Asian
- Chinese
- Japanese
- The "National Treasures" of Japan includes a list of swords of "especially high historical or artistic value".
- The Important Cultural Property of Japan, established in 1950, also includes items, including swords, "judged to be of particular importance to the Japanese people".[44]
- The Important Works of Fine Arts of Japan, established in 1933, include arts and crafts of significant historical or artistic value, and thus include a great number of swords. The list was abolished in 1950 for the new legislation of Important Cultural Property.[45]
- Shichishitō ("Seven-Branched Sword", time period disputed), which Wa received from Baekje. Kept at the Isonokami Shrine.[46]
- Kogarasu Maru ("Little Crow", 8th-12th century), a unique Japanese tachi sword believed to have been created by legendary Japanese smith Amakuni. In private collection of the Imperial House of Japan.[47]
- Hotarumaru ("Firefly", 1290s), a "national treasure" of Japan, was an ōdachi kept at the Aso Shrine. Lost after World War II.[48]
- Honjo Masamune (13th - 14th century), a "national treasure" of Japan, was crafted by legendary sword-maker Masamune and eventually passed down the Tokugawa shogunate. Lost after World War II.[49]
- Myōhō Muramasa ("Muramasa of the Sublime Dharma", 1513), supposedly crafted by Muramasa and passed down the Nabeshima clan. In private collection.[50]
- Kotetsu (Time period disputed), the personal sword of Shinsengumi leader Kondō Isami, supposedly crafted by Nagasone Kotetsu. However, the sword was thought to be a fake crafted by Minamoto Kiyomaro [ja].[51] Kotetsu can also refer to several different swords crafted by Nagasone Kotetsu.
- Sugari no Ontachi ("The Bee Tachi"), sacred treasure of the Ise Grand Shrine. According to tradition, treasures of the Shrine, along with the Shrine itself, is rebuilt every 20 years. Old copies of the sword were originally buried or burnt, but in modern times they are preserved.[52]
- The Tenka-Goken ("Five [Best] Swords under Heaven"), a group of five famous Japanese swords:[53]
- Dōjigiri ("Slayer of Shuten-dōji", 10th - 12th century), a "national treasure" of Japan, displayed at the Tokyo National Museum.[54]
- Mikazuki [ja] ("Crescent Moon", 10 - 12th century), a "national treasure" of Japan, displayed at the Tokyo National Museum.[55]
- Ōtenta ("Great Denta" or "The Best among Swords Forged by Denta", 11th century), a "national treasure" of Japan, in private collection of the Maeda Ikutokukai.[53]
- Juzumaru [ja] ("Rosary", 1261 - 1264), an Important Cultural Property of Japan, owned by Honkōji Temple [ja], Amagasaki.[53]
- Onimaru [ja] ("Demon", 12 - 13th century), in private collection of the Imperial House of Japan.[53]
- Southeastern Asia
- Near Eastern
- Sword of Peter (time period disputed), supposedly the Sword of Saint Peter, used by him to cut the ear off a high priest while defending Jesus in Gethsemane, though of uncertain provenance. Pope John XIII sent it to Poland around 968. Displayed at the Poznań Archdiocesan Museum [pl] in Poznań.[59]
- Sword of Osman (before 1421), supposedly the sword of Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire. Used as a sword of state by Murad II and all later sultans in their coronation ceremonies.[60] Displayed at the Imperial Treasury section of Topkapı Palace.
- Nader Shah's Sword (time period disputed), supposedly the sword of Nader Shah, Shah of Persia from 1736 to 1747. It was stolen from a local museum in Kubachi, Dagestan in 2017.[61]
- The Nine Swords of Muhammad (between 610 and 632), alleged to belong to Muhammad, the prophet and founder of Islam.
North American
South American