Central Plain political entities have paid tribute to a number of states and confederations throughout history. China proper also had a strong Confucian tradition, which believed that showing virtue and giving gifts or tribute would civilize "Barbarians". Many of them involved silk and tea, and during the Ming dynasty, China's input of silver increased due to trade with Spanish merchants in Manila, so they could pay tribute with silver.
- Xiongnu in 200 BCE-138 BCE: the Xiongnu repelled the invading army of the Western Han dynasty, advanced into the territory of China, and besieged its capital. The Chinese Emperor recognized the Great Wall as the border of the two states and was obliged to pay annual tribute (silk, liquor, rice) to the Xiongnu.[1][2]
- First Turkic Khaganate: The Qi and Zhou dynasties of North China surrendered to the Turks in 570 and began paying tribute.[3] Note that the Qi and Zhou dynasties were only small parts of China proper which had fragmented into several states. The Qi and Zhou dynasties had a hybrid Sino-Turkic leadership.
- Second Turkic Khaganate: Between 693 and 706, Qapaghan Qaghan's army crossed the Yellow River six times, which the Chinese forces could not offer any resistance. Empress Wu Zetian paid vast indemnities and sent Qapaghan gifts, which were in fact disguised tributes.[4]
- Uighur Kaganate: Successful campaigns of the Uighur Kaganate led to a peace with the Tang dynasty which paid tribute in silk and grain for 12 years from 766.[5]
- Khitan: From 936, Shi Jingtang of Later Jin described as a puppet of the emerging Liao dynasty. After Khitan's victory over the Song dynasty in 1005, they signed an invasion "Chanyuan Treaty"; requiring the Song to pay annual tribute to the Liao.[6][7]
- Jurchen: In 1142, after a disastrous defeat, the Song dynasty agreed to be a vassal state of Jin dynasty and pay annual tribute.[8]
- Altan Khan of Tumed Mongols in 1550s after Altan Khan besieged Beijing.[9][10]
- Ligden Khan of Northern Yuan Chahar Mongols early 17th century: after a series of raids on China proper, the Ming dynasty court paid silver to Ligden Khan.[11]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Xiongnu-- En el invierno del 200 adC". Dimelo. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
- ^ "Dallas MsCurley-Juedixi, Entertainment of War in Early China". Project Muse. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
- ^ Dr., Prof. Ts. Gantulga, Dr. T. Jambaldorj, Dr., Prof. S. Tsolmon, Dr., Prof. J. Zaanhuu, T. Altanceceg, S. Sodnam (2005). History of Mongolia II. Ulaanbaatar.
((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ D. Sinor; S. G. Klyashtorny (1996). "The Türk Empire". History of civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 3. UNESCO. p. 339.
- ^ "Chronological table of history of Siberia and Mongolia". Historical Server of Central Asia. Archived from the original on 2007-08-07. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
- ^ F.W. Mote (1999). Imperial China, 900-1800. Harvard University Press. pp. 68–71, 123–124. ISBN 0-674-01212-7.
- ^ Tao, Jing-shen (1988). Two Sons of Heaven: Studies in Sung-Liao Relations. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-1051-2.
- ^ Goodrich, Luther Carrington (2007-03-01). A Short History of the Chinese People. Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4067-6976-0.
- ^ Laird, Thomas (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, p. 141. Grove Press, N.Y. ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1.
- ^ Luvsandanzan (1600s). Алтан товч (Altan Tobchi). Mongolia.
- ^ Dai Qing Tai-Ju Gao-Hoangdi Shi-lu. (History of the Great Qing Tai-Ju Emperor). Tokio.
