See also: Rashidun Caliphate and Umayyad Caliphate |
See also: Abbasid Caliphate |
See also: Anarchy at Samarra, Al-Muqtadir, and Hamdanid Dynasty |
Main article: Uqaylid Dynasty |
See also: Seljuk Sultanate |
Main article: Zengid dynasty |
See also: Ilkhanate and Jalayirid Sultanate |
Main article: Jalairid Sultanate |
See also: Ottoman Empire |