Mahapadma Nanda
A silver coin of 1 karshapana of King Mahapadma Nanda or his sons 4th century BCE
1st Nanda Emperor
Reign	c. 345 BC – 329 BC
Predecessor	Mahanandin
Successor	Panduka
Died	329 BCE
Issue	8 sons (including Dhana)
Dynasty	Nanda
Father	Mahanandin

Mahapadma Nanda (IAST: Mahāpadmānanda; c. mid 4th century BCE), (died 329 BCE) according to the Puranas, was the first Emperor of the Nanda Empire of ancient India. The Puranas describe him as a son of the last Shaishunaga king Mahanandin and a Shudra woman. These texts credit him with extensive conquests that expanded the Empire far beyond the Magadha region. The different Puranas variously give the length of his reign as 28 or 88 years, and state that his eight sons ruled in succession after him.

The Buddhist texts don't mention him, and instead name the first Nanda ruler as robber-turned king Ugrasena, who was succeeded by his eight brothers, the last of whom was Dhana Nanda.

Reign

According to the Puranas, Mahapadma or Mahapadma-pati (literally, "lord of the great lotus") was the first Nanda king. He was the son of the last Shaishunaga king Mahanandin and a Shudra woman.^[1][2]

The Puranas describe him as ekarat (sole sovereign) and sarva-kshatrantaka (destroyer of all the Kshatriyas).^[2][3] The Kshastriyas (warriors and rulers) said to have been exterminated by Mahapadma include Maithalas, Kasheyas, Ikshvakus, Panchalas, Shurasenas, Kurus, Haihayas, Vitihotras, Kalingas, and Ashmakas.^[4]

The Matsya Purana assigns Mahapadma an incredibly long reign of 88 years, while the contemporary source Vayu Purana mentions the length of his reign as only 28 years.^[5] The Puranas further state that Mahapadma's eight sons ruled in succession after him for a total of 12 years, but name only one of these sons: Sukalpa.^[6]

Various estimates of the first Nanda emperor's coronation date include:

• Indologist F. E. Pargiter: 382 BCE^[7]
• Historian R. K. Mookerji: 364 BCE.^[7]
• Historian H. C. Raychaudhuri: c. 345 BCE.^[8]

The beginning of Nanda reign is also assigned as early as 5th century BCE.^[9]

Other descriptions of the first Nanda king

• According to the Buddhist texts, the first Nanda king was Ugrasena, not Mahapadma.^[10] According to one theory, Ugrasena was probably another name of Mahapadma.^[11]
  • Unlike the Puranas, which assign mixed royal-Shudra ancestry to Mahapadma, the Buddhist texts describe Ugrasena as of "unknown lineage". According to the Mahavamsa-tika, Ugrasena was a native of the frontier region: he was captured by a gang of robbers, and later became their leader.^[2]
  • The Greco-Roman sources call the Nanda king ruling at the time of Alexander's invasion "Agrammes", which is possibly a corruption of the Sanskrit term "Augraseniya" (literally, "son or descendant of Ugrasena").^[10]
  • Unlike the Puranas, the Buddhist texts describe the next eight kings as brothers - not sons - of the first Nanda king.^[2] Also, according to the Buddhist tradition, the Nandas ruled for a total of 22 years. The last of these kings was Dhana Nanda.^[12]
• According to the Jain texts such as Parishishtaparvan and Avashyaka sutra, which do not mention the name "Mahapadma" either, the Nanda king was the son of a courtesan by a barber.^[1][13][14] They state that Nanda succeeded Udayin after his death from a rival king.^[15] They further state Kalpaka, a non-violent Jain, as his chief-minister, who is believed to have sacrificed his life for peace.^[15]
• The Greco-Roman sources suggest that the founder of the Nanda dynasty was a barber, who usurped the throne from the last king of the preceding dynasty.^[10] Roman historian Curtius (1st century CE) states that according to Porus, this barber became the former queen's paramour thanks to his attractive looks, treacherously assassinated the then king, usurped the supreme authority by pretending to act as a guardian for the then princes, and later killed the princes.^[16] The Nanda king who was the contemporary of Porus and Alexander was the son of this barber.^[10]