Marvel Studios, LLC[1] originally known as Marvel Films from 1993 to 1996, is an American television and motion picture studio based at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. The studio is a subsidiary of Marvel Entertainment, itself a wholly owned subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company since 2009.[3] Being a part of the Disney conglomerate, Marvel Studios works in conjunction with The Walt Disney Studios, another Disney unit, for distribution and marketing.[4] For financial reporting purposes, Marvel Studios is reported as a part of Disney's Studio Entertainment segment.[5]
Marvel Studios has released 10 films since 2008 within the Marvel Cinematic Universe, from Iron Man (2008) to Guardians of the Galaxy (2014). These films all share continuity with each other.
Background
Timely era
During what is known as Marvel's Timely era, Captain America was licensed out to Republic Pictures for a serial just for the free advertising. Timely failed to provide any drawing of Captain America with his shield or any further background, and Republic created a whole new background for the character, and portrayed the character using a gun.[7]
Following Marvel Entertainment Group's (MEG) ToyBiz deal in 1993, Avi Arad of ToyBiz was named President and CEO of Marvel Films division and of New World Family Filmworks, Inc., a New World Entertainment subsidiary. New World was MEG's former parent corporation and later a fellow subsidiary of the Andrews Group.[11]Marvel Productions became New World Animation by 1993 as Marvel would start up Marvel Films including Marvel Films Animation.[11][12][13][14] New World Animation (The Incredible Hulk), Saban (X-Men), and Marvel Films Animation (Spider-Man) each produced a Marvel series for television.[15] It was Marvel Films Animation's only production.[13][14]
New World Animation and Marvel Films Animation were sold along with the rest of New World by Andrews Group to News Corporation/Fox as announced in August 1996. As part of the deal, Marvel licensed the rights to Captain America, Daredevil and Silver Surfer to be on Fox Kids Network and produced by Saban. New World Animation continued producing a second season of The Incredible Hulk for UPN.[15][16]
Marvel Studios
In August 1996, Marvel created Marvel Studios, an incorporation of Marvel Films, due to the sale of New World Communications Group, Inc., Marvel's fellow Andrews Group subsidiary in film and television stations, to News Corporation/Fox. Filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to raise money to finance the new corporation, Marvel, Isaac Perlmutter's Zib, Inc. and Avi Arad sold Toy Biz stocks, which Marvel had started and took public in February 1995.[8][17] Toy Biz filed an offering of 7.5 million shares with a closing price of $20.125 at the time, making the offering worth approximately $150 million. Toy Biz sought to sell 1 million shares, and Marvel sought to sell 2.5 million shares.[18]
Jerry Calabrese, the president of Marvel Entertainment Group, and Avi Arad, head of Marvel Films and a director of Toy Biz, were assigned tandem control of Marvel Studios. Under Calabrese and Arad, Marvel sought to control pre-production by commissioning scripts, hiring directors, and casting characters, providing the package to a major studio partner for filming and distribution. Arad said of the goal for control, "When you get into business with a big studio, they are developing a hundred or 500 projects; you get totally lost. That isn't working for us. We're just not going to do it anymore. Period."[8] Marvel Studios arranged a seven-year development deal with 20th Century Fox to cover markets in the United States and internationally.[19] In the following December, Marvel Entertainment Group went through a reorganization plan, including Marvel Studios as part of its strategic investment.[20] By 1997, Marvel Studios was actively pursuing various film productions based on Marvel characters, including the eventual films X-Men (2000), Daredevil (2003) and Fantastic Four (2005). Unproduced projects included Prince Namor, based on the character Namor and to be directed by Philip Kaufman, and Mort the Dead Teenager, based on the comic book of the same name and written by John Payson and Mort creator Larry Hama.[21]
Marvel was developing a Captain America animated series with Saban Entertainment for Fox Kids Network to premiere in fall 1998. However, due to the bankruptcy the series was canceled after only character designs and a one-minute promotional reel were made.[22][23][24]
Licensing movies
The first film licensed by Marvel Studios was Blade, based on the vampire hunter Blade. The film was directed by Stephen Norrington and starred Wesley Snipes as Blade. It was released on August 21, 1998, grossing $70,087,718 in the United States and Canada and $131,183,530 worldwide.[25] In 1999, Marvel licensed Spider-Man to Sony.[26]
Blade was followed by X-Men, which was directed by Bryan Singer and was released on July 14, 2000. X-Men grossed $157,299,717 in the United States and Canada and $296,250,053 worldwide.[27] The Marvel films Blade and X-Men demonstrated that blockbuster films could be made out of comic book characters not familiar to the general public.[28]
Leading up to X-Men's release, Marvel Studios negotiated a deal with then-functional Artisan Entertainment, successful with the low-budget The Blair Witch Project, to give the studio rights to 15 Marvel characters including Captain America, Thor, Black Panther, Iron Fist, and Deadpool. With the deal at the time, 24 Marvel properties were then in various stages of development. Brian Cunningham, editor of Wizard comic book magazine, believed that Avi Arad was successful in organizing strategic alliances and exercising fiscal responsibility in multimedia expansion. Cunningham said of Arad’s leadership of the studio following its parent company’s near-bankruptcy, "The fact the X-Men is primed to be the biggest movie of the summer speaks volumes about the turnaround for Marvel. From my observation, he's focused on a lot more in diversifying Marvel, doing things that proliferate Marvel characters in the mainstream." Arad sought to protect Marvel’s image by serving as executive producer in all Marvel film productions and being responsible for crossover marketing between Marvel properties. Arad had properties set up at different studios to create momentum so one studio would not cannibalize efforts with one property for the sake of another.[29] By 2001, the success of Marvel Entertainment’s Ultimate Marvel comics created leverage in Hollywood for Marvel Studios, pushing more properties into development.[30]
The next blockbuster film licensed from Marvel Studios was Spider-Man by Columbia Pictures, directed by Sam Raimi and starring Tobey Maguire as Spider-Man. The film was released on May 3, 2002, grossing $403,706,375 in the United States and Canada and $821,708,551 worldwide.[31] The early success of Spider-Man led the film's studio to issue a seven-figure advance for a sequel. Arad spoke of the deal, "Movies make sequels. Therefore, it's a big economic luxury to know that a movie's going to get a second and third. This is a business of precedence."[32] According to a Lehman Brothers analysis, the Studios' made only $62 million for the first 2 Spider-man movies.[26]
In producing Marvel films in the 2000s, Avi Arad sought to capture the superheroes’ internal conflicts. According to The New York Times, "Mr. Arad's great accomplishment – and it is one, given the difficulties in transferring any kind of printed material to the big screen – is conveying what makes those heroes tick as characters... He works with the filmmakers to ensure that the heroes are conflicted, the villains motivated, the outcome shaded." In contrast to the original storylines of DC Comics’ Superman and Batman films, Marvel films were more directly inspired by their comics, copying from them set pieces, scenes, plots, and dialogue.[28]
Partnering with Lions Gate Entertainment in 2004, Marvel Studios plan to enter the direct-to-DVD market with eight animated films with Lionsgate handling distribution.[33][34] Eric Rollman was hired by Marvel as Executive Vice President, Home Entertainment & TV Production for Marvel Studios to oversee the deal with Lionsgate.[35]
Production
In 2004, David Maisel was hired as chief operating officer of Marvel Studio as he had a plan for the Studios to self-finance movies.[36] Marvel entered into a non-recourse financing structure with Merrill Lynch that is collateralized by certain movie rights to a total of 10 characters from Marvel's vast vault. Marvel gets $525 million to make a maximum of 10 movies based on the company's properties over eight years, according to the parameters of the original deal with Paramount Pictures in September 2004. Those characters were: Ant-Man, The Avengers, Black Panther, Captain America, Cloak & Dagger, Doctor Strange, Hawkeye, Nick Fury, Power Pack and Shang-Chi.[37][38]Ambac insured the movies would succeed or they would pay the interest payment on the debt and get the movie rights collateral.[26]
In October 2005, Michael Helfant joined the studio as president and chief operating officer.[39] In November 2005, Marvel gained the film rights to Iron Man from New Line Cinema. Marvel revealed that it had regained the film rights to The Incredible Hulk in February 2006.[40] In April 2006 Paramount Pictures acquired the rights to Thor from Sony. That year the film was announced to be a Marvel Studios production.[41]Lions Gate Entertainment subsequently dropped the Black Widow motion picture project it had since 2004 giving the rights back to Marvel.[42]
Masiel and Arad fought over the rate of movie releases and strength of characters in the movie line up. Perlmutter supported Masiel and thus, in May 2006, Arad quit as studio chair and CEO.[36] In March 2007, David Maisel was named Chairman and Kevin Feige was named President of Production as Iron Man began filming.[43]
In January 2008, Marvel Animation was incorporated to direct Marvel's efforts in animation and home entertainment markets including then animation efforts with Lionsgate and Nickelodeon.[35] The company in March agreed to a five picture basic cable distribution with FX for Iron Man and The Incredible Hulk movies with the additional movies to be named later.[44] In November, Marvel Studios signed a lease with Raleigh Studios to host its headquarters and production offices and film the next four movies on the studios’ slate, including Iron Man 2 and Thor, at their Manhattan Beach facilities.[45] By September 2008, Paramount added to its domestic film distribution contract 5 additional Marvel movies' foreign distribution.[46]
In 2009, Marvel attempted to hire a team of writers to help come up with creative ways to launch its lesser-known properties, such as Black Panther, Cable, Iron Fist, Nighthawk, and Vision.[47] In early 2009, Sony returned all Spider-Man television rights (including live action) in exchange for an adjustment to the movie rights.[48]
Disney conglomerate
On December 31, 2009, The Walt Disney Company purchased Marvel Entertainment for $4 billion. Both Marvel and Disney stated that the merger would not affect any preexisting deals with other film studios for the time being,[49] although Disney said they would distribute future Marvel projects with their own studios once the deals expire.[50]
In April 2010, rumors circulated that Marvel was looking to create $20–40 million movies based on properties such as Doctor Strange, Ka-Zar, Luke Cage, Dazzler, and Power Pack.[51] Kevin Feige responded by saying, while budgets are generally never discussed early in development, Marvel was considering films for all characters mentioned in the rumor, except Dazzler, whose rights were at Fox.[52]
On August 22, 2011, at Disney's behest, the Studio dismissed most of its marketing department: Dana Precious, EVP of Worldwide Marketing; Jeffrey Stewart, VP of Worldwide Marketing and Jodi Miller, Manager of Worldwide Marketing. Disney markets Marvel's films.[57] In April 2012, The Walt Disney Company China, Marvel Studios and DMG Entertainment announced an agreement to co-produce Iron Man 3 in China. DMG partly financed, produced in China with Marvel, and handled co-production matters. DMG also distributed the film in China in tandem with Disney.[58]
Upon the release of The Amazing Spider-Man, Disney and Sony negotiated a two-way agreement. Disney would receive full merchandising ancillary rights to future Spider-Man films in exchange for Sony purchasing out Marvel's film participation rights.[59]
On July 2, 2013, Disney purchased the distribution rights to Iron Man, Iron Man 2, Thor and Captain America: The First Avenger from Paramount.[61][62][63] In September 2014, TNT acquired the cable rights for Avengers: Age of Ultron, Captain America: Civil War, and three other films, to air on the network two years after their theatrical releases. The films had previously aired on FX since 2008.[64]
Character rights
Black Panther's rights were returned to Marvel in 2005, having previously been at Columbia and Artisan Entertainment.[65] In November 2005, Marvel gained the film rights to Iron Man from New Line Cinema.[40] In April 2006, Thor's rights reverted to Marvel from Sony,[41] and in June, the Black Widow rights reverted from Lions Gate Entertainment.[42]
After being acquired by Disney, Marvel began to reclaim the rights to characters that had been licensed out to other studios since the late 1990s, starting with Blade from New Line Cinema.[66] In August 2012, it was reported that 20th Century Fox was willing to allow the film rights to the superhero Daredevil and his related characters revert to Marvel and Disney, a contracted stipulation that required Fox to begin production on a new Daredevil film by late 2012. Fox had approached Marvel about extending the deadline and becoming a co-financier for the film, but was rebuffed.[67][68] On October 10, 2012, the Daredevil film rights reverted to Marvel Studios, which was confirmed by studio president Kevin Feige on April 23, 2013.[69] On May 2, 2013, Feige confirmed in an interview that the Ghost Rider and Punisher rights had reverted to Marvel from Sony and Lions Gate respectively, as well as reaffirming the acquisition of the Blade rights.[70] It was later revealed in May 2013 that Marvel has also reacquired the rights to Luke Cage from Sony.[71] In an interview with Collider in early May 2013, Kevin Feige stated he believed the Elektra rights were back at Marvel through the Daredevil deal.[72] In November 2013, Marvel Television announced it was developing television series based on Luke Cage and Daredevil.[73] In February 2015, Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures announced that Spider-Man would appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with the character appearing in an MCU film and Sony releasing a Spider-Man film produced by Feige and Pascal on July 28, 2017. Sony Pictures will continue to finance, distribute, own and have final creative control of the Spider-Man films. Marvel Studios will also explore opportunities to integrate other characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe into future Spider-Man films.[74]
After the agreement between Sony and Marvel for the rights of Spider-Man,[74] the only rights that are still left at other studios are the X-Men and Fantastic Four franchise of characters at 20th Century Fox.[75] Additionally, Namor's rights had previously been thought by Marvel CCO Joe Quesada in 2012 to have reverted to Marvel, but was revealed by Feige in August 2013 that this was not the case.[76] However, Feige expanded in July 2014 saying that Marvel Studios, not Universal Pictures or Legendary Pictures, could make a Namor film, "but it’s slightly more complicated than that. Let’s put it this way – there are entanglements that make it less easy. There are older contracts that still involve other parties that mean we need to work things out before we move forward on it. As opposed to an Iron Man or any of the Avengers or any of the other Marvel characters where we could just put them in."[77]
Named after corporate sibling Marvel Comics' imprint of the same name, Marvel Knights is also the name given to a production arm of Marvel Studios intended to be used to produce some of Marvel's darker and lesser known titles. The first film produced under the Marvel Knights banner was Punisher: War Zone, the 2008 release that rebooted the Punisher franchise. In 2012, Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance was the second title to be released under that banner.[citation needed]
File:Marvel Studios flipbook logo new.ogvLogo animation (2013–), featuring the Marvel Studios fanfare (0:28).
Starting with the release of Spider-Man in 2002, Marvel Studios introduced its "flipbook" logo, created by Imaginary Forces.[88] This logo was accompanied with music from the film's score, sound effects or a song, to lead into the beginning of the film. This was the logo seen in front of all films until 2013, when the logo was updated with the release of Thor: The Dark World, again created by Imaginary Forces. Kevin Feige stated that since Marvel was now their own entity within the Walt Disney Company, it "felt like the time to update it and have something that is more substantial as a standalone logo in front of our features" instead of having it be accompanied by Marvel's studio or distribution partners' logos. Feige added that “We didn’t want to re-invent the wheel [with the new logo], but we wanted it to feel bigger, to feel more substantial, which is why it starts with the flip, but suddenly it’s more dimensional as we go through the lettering and it reveals itself with the metallic sheen before settling into the white-on-red, well known Marvel logo, with the added flourish of the arrival and the announcement of the Studios at the bottom of the word Marvel.”[89] Imaginary Forces used the same animation technique on the updated logo, as they did when they created the first version in 2002. They were given a few hundred comic books to select images from, ultimately choosing 120 that were "universal and not specific to one character" and created a narrative "where each image spoke to the one before it and after."[88]
The new logo appears on all subsequent studio productions set within the Marvel Cinematic Universe. With the addition of the new logo, Marvel Studios also added a fanfare to accompany the logo, composed by Brian Tyler, who wrote the scores to Iron Man 3, Thor: The Dark World, and the upcoming Avengers: Age of Ultron.[89]
^"The Walt Disney Studios – Our Businesses". The Walt Disney Company. The Walt Disney Studios. Archived from the original on February 14, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2012. Marvel Studios, a division of Marvel Entertainment, produces movies based on the world's most prominent and iconic comic book empire. With a library of over 8,000 characters, Marvel Studios creates blockbuster film franchises which to date include Iron Man, The Incredible Hulk, Thor, Captain America: The First Avenger, and Marvel's The Avengers. Marvel Entertainment is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company.((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^Lang, Brent; Shaw, Lucas (May 31, 2012). "Disney Chooses Alan Horn as New Studio Chief". The Wrap. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2012. Unlike at say Sony or Fox, power at Disney's studio division is very much diffused over its Marvel and Pixar brands, making the job of studio chief more ringmaster than supreme commander.((cite news)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^Part I: Page 1: ITEM 1. Business. Fiscal Year 2010 Annual Financial Report And Shareholder Letter. The Walt Disney Company. Accessed on December 27, 2013. "Marvel businesses are reported primarily in our Studio Entertainment and Consumer Products segments."
^Mangel, Andy (December 1990). "Reel Marvel". In Jim Salicrup (ed.). Marvel Age. Marvel Comics. Archived from the original on June 26, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2011. ((cite book)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ abcHass, Nancy (August 11, 1996). "Marvel sets up division to put its own characters into movies". The New York Times.
^ abcGoldman, Michael. "Stan Lee: Comic Guru". Animation World Magazine. Animation World Network. Archived from the original on April 25, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2011. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^"August Issue News Section:". Animation World Magazine. August 1996. Archived from the original on September 29, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2011. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^"Toy Biz, Inc. Prospectus". NYSE.com. New York Stock Exchange. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2011. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ abc"Calling all superheroes". Fortune. May 23, 2007. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2011. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ abLeonard, Devin (May 23, 2007). "Marvel goes Hollywood". Fortune. p. 2. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2011. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^Phegley, Kiel (July 2, 2010). "Jeph Loeb Talks Marvel TV". ComicBookResources.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2011. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^Phegley, Kiel (July 2, 2010). "Jeph Loeb Talks Marvel TV". comicbookresources.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2011. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^"Form 8-K SEC File 1-13638". SEC Info, Fran Finnegan & Company. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2008. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
