The Metroid (メトロイド, Metoroido) is a series of science fictionadventurevideo games produced by Nintendo. Metroid chronicles the missions of bounty hunterSamus Aran to protect the galaxy from the depradations of the Space Pirates and their attempts to harness the power of fictional organisms such as the Metroid against civilization. The series is also noted for nonlinear gameplay.
The Metroid series currently consists of ten games across different video game platforms. All of the games in the series have been both critically acclaimed and commercially successful, though each installment has seen varying levels of success. It is also one of Nintendo's best selling franchises with 13 million games sold.[1]
Overview
Common Game-play Elements
The Metroid series games contain elements from shooter, platforming, and adventure games. The games are notable for their non-linear progression and solitary exploration format where the player only controls Samus Aran, with few or no other characters to interact with. The series has been a 2D side scroller in all its incarnations until the Metroid Prime series changed the format to a
first-person perspective, leading to a strong first-person shooter element while still retaining its adventure and exploration features. The player gains items and powerups for Samus' cybernetic suit by defeating alien creatures which enable further exploration. Frequently recurring upgrades include the Morph ball, where Samus curls into a tight ball and can roll into tight places and plant bombs. Metroid Prime 3: Corruption is the first game in the Metroid series to use extensive voice acting; however, Samus remains a silent protagonist. There is very little story explanation in the first few Metroid games, though more backstory was introduced in Super Metroid with its opening narration, and the Prime series with the scanning visor that allows the player to read information off of walls and computer terminals. The games featured real-time combat that incorporates energy blasters and bombs.
The Metroid games have been a popular for speedrunning, which is the act of completing a game in the fastest time possible. Speedrunning is encouraged by the game design as the completion time has often determined what ending a player gets to see, with a shorter time being better. Also, the original Metroid introduced the challenge of having 3 minutes to escape from either a planet or a ship that is set to self destruct, which is another gameplay innovation of the Metroid series. Speedrunners have also used glitches in the Metroid games to allow for faster traversing of the games areas.
The games are influenced by the two other major Nintendo franchises, Super Mario Brothers and The Legend of Zelda. From Mario, the game had extensive areas of platform jumping, and from Zelda, non-linear exploration, but Metroid decidedly differs from those games in its atmosphere of solitude and foreboding. Further, Metroid had five different endings based on how quickly a player could complete the game, a design unheard of at the time.
File:Omega Ridley.jpgRidley, supposed leader of the Space Pirate Army
The heroine, Samus Aran, is a proficient galactic bounty hunter. She wears an extremely powerful and adaptable exoskeleton suit made by the ancient Chozo who specifically designed it for her.
The main antagonists of the 2D Metroid games, the Space Pirates are a hostile group of "interstellar nomads" resembling humanoid insects, who plunder colonies and ships. A single Pirate may have many biological differences between individuals of their own species, most likely because of their willingness to perform self-experimentation and mutation. Important leaders include Ridley, the Space Pirate commander, Mother Brain, the biomechanical defense of Zebes controlled by the Space Pirates, and Kraid, a recurring boss. The organization also includes a winged, mantis-like species, the Ki Hunters. The Space Pirates are interested in Metroid research, especially in using Metroids for energy generation, as soldiers, and for experimentation - their Phazon experiments produced all the Metroid variants seen in the Prime games with the exception of Prime itself.
A high-ranking and bloodthirsty Space Pirate, and one of Samus's main antagonists, Ridley shares features with both the pterodactyl and the mythical European dragon. Ridley led the Space Pirate attack on Samus's home colony of K-2L, which inevitably lead to the deaths of all the colonists including Samus's mother and father, the former of which Ridley was directly responsible. Samus has since had a personal vendetta against Ridley because of this, and that coupled with her objective to rid the galaxy of Space Pirates has led to numerous showdowns with the draconic boss throughout the series. It is not clear whether he is in fact the main leader of the Space Pirates or if he takes orders from someone or something else. It is speculated[citation needed] that he is in fact the leader of the pirate army, taking his orders from "High Command", mentioned in various Metroid Prime scan logs.
First appearing in the original Metroid and destroyed by Samus, Ridley is always revived by the Pirates. Later versions of Ridley included more advanced cybernetic enhancements, such as powerful kinetic weapons, missile launchers, and force-field wings. This form of Ridley is known as Meta Ridley and appears in Metroid Prime and Metroid Prime 3: Corruption. In Metroid Prime 3 Meta Ridley returns for a second battle as Omega Ridley, mutated by Phazon exposure, and having gained new techniques as a result. An X Parasite clone of him appears in Metroid Fusion, and he also makes cameos in Super Smash Bros, where he can be seen flying through the level Zebes, and in Super Smash Bros. Melee both as a Trophy and in the game's opening, where he is fighting Samus at Ceres Space Station. In Super Smash Bros. Brawl, Ridley appears as a boss twice in the Subspace Emissary mode: once earlier on in his normal form, fighting Pikachu and Samus, and again near the end where he is in his Meta Ridley form against, as well as the previous duo, Donkey Kong, Diddy Kong, Captain Falcon and R.O.B.
Unlike many other bosses in the series, Ridley doesn't usually require any specific strategy to defeat. Rather, starting in Super Metroid, the battles against him have the player dodge the swiftly flying dragon, along with his flailing tail and his fiery breath, all the while shooting him with a large amount of missiles, making him a particularly challenging opponent.
Also introduced in Super Metroid was a musical theme that played during several boss battles. Despite being used for other bosses, the theme became particularly associated with Ridley, and has been featured solely during all the subsequent battles against him.
Kraid is a gigantic dinosaur-like beast allied with the Space Pirates. First appearing in the original Metroid, he is the first part of the mini-boss duo along with Ridley. What rank he has in the Space Pirates is unknown, though he is possibly a guardian or other form of protector. Kraid stands approximately 40 to 50 feet (12-15 metres) in height, making him a larger character, and is a mottled green on his back and sides with a pale yellow belly. He has a long crocodilian snout and three red eyes, the third set between the outer eyes. His long, thin arms end in two fingers armed with claws that he can throw and regenerate quickly, and from three openings in his abdomen he fires spiked projectiles at his foes. With virtually impenetrable skin, Kraid can only be harmed by shooting his mouth when he roars, though he knows this and will not voluntarily open his mouth; however, a direct shot to the eyes will make him roar in pain or anger, opening a window of opportunity to damage him.
Kraid's appearance in Metroid was much different than his modern appearance, being around Samus's height. In Super Metroid he appears in his giant form, two screens tall and almost a screen wide. Metroid: Zero Missionretconned his size and appearance, showing he did not grow between games. Kraid also appeared in Super Smash Bros. Melee as a trophy that revealed him to be a bioengineered Space Pirate, and a stage hazard in Brinstar Depths, where he would rise from the lava lake and rotate the stage with a swipe of his claws. He was also slated to appear in Metroid Prime as a boss in the Phazon Mines, with a metal dome covering his head and blue Phazon veins on his belly, but was removed due to time constraints. Despite the beta model displaying him in Phazon Mines, he was not replaced by the Omega Pirate boss.
The Galactic Federation is as its name suggests, the governing body of the galaxy. The GF was formed after numerous space-faring species made contact, and the subsequent cultural convergence led to rapid technological advancements. They often contract Samus with large missions to complete, and aim to eradicate the Space Pirates.
Samus trained in the Federation's military before becoming a bounty hunter. It is assumed that she left following the death of her commanding officer, Adam Malkovich. Samus has a profound respect for Adam because he died in order to save Samus in a previous mission.
The Galactic Federation's soldiers use powered armor similar to Samus's; however, they are much weaker. Their technology usually bears multiple versions of their symbol, a stylized cross-shape that seems based on their visors. Troopers are also given a basic repeating assault weapon, and in Metroid Prime 3: Corruption, some are equipped with the Phazon Enhancement Device.
A species of bird-like bipeds, the Chozo raised Samus Aran and outfitted her with armaments. They are portrayed as mysterious and sage-like throughout the Metroid series. The origins and age of the Chozo race and civilization are unknown, but they were once spread across several planets in the Metroid universe, though none have been seen alive in the current time of the games. The Chozo were extremely technologically advanced, but took pride in their elaborate statuary. They also exchanged knowledge with other species, including the Luminoth of Aether, the Reptilici of Bryyo, the Elysians of Elysia (robots which they themselves built), and several other as yet unseen species.
In the Japanese versions of the games, the Chozo are only ever identified by the generic term chōjin-zoku (鳥人族, lit. "race of bird-humans"), of which the name "Chozo" is an anglicized version. In Super Metroid, some of the Chozo statues would rise up and attack Samus; these bosses are called Torizos. In Metroid Prime, in some areas later on in game play, Chozo ghosts appear and attack Samus. Although originally allies, they have been angered by the Phazon corruption of their planet, and can no longer distinguish friend from foe. However, they appear only at important Chozo religious sites, greatly limiting their range.
The eponymous in-game Metroids are large and jellyfish-like with quadripartite nuclei. They are capable of siphoning an undetectable life energy from any animal, generally causing the death of the victim in the process. This energy can also be siphoned from the Metroid in turn, allowing it to be used as a living power source. Metroid II established a five-stage life cycle in which those Metroids native to SR-388 go through two stages of ecdysis followed by two stages of mutation, thus maturing through five previously unknown forms: Alpha, Gamma, Zeta, Omega, and Queen.
Metroid Prime introduced two new, Phazon-mutated forms: Hunter Metroids, which sport tentacles enabling long-range energy siphoning; and Fission Metroids, which divide into two new Fission Metroids (with different elemental weaknesses) after absorbing a discrete amount of energy. Metroid Prime 2: Echoes has a Phazon-mutated strain of Metroid, the Tallon Metroid. Instead of siphoning all of their power from victims, they can feed directly off Phazon. They are born as Infant Metroids from cocoons and mature into adulthood when exposed to Phazon. The game also introduces Dark Tallon Metroids, Tallon Metroids corrupted by the Ing.
In Metroid Prime 3: Corruption, three new forms of Metroid appear: Phazon Metroid, which is almost exactly like a common Metroid, except that it is capable of phasing in and out of local timespace; Hopping Metroid, which cannot hover, phase out of local timespace, or drain energy, but can fight using its claws as melee weapons and armor for defense; and the Metroid Hatcher, a boss which can float and spawn Phazon Metroids, but cannot phase out of local timespace.
File:PhazonPile.JPGA close-up image of Phazon
A highly radioactive and mutagenic, cancerous element, Phazon is a major plot point of the Metroid Prime trilogy. Phazon is harvested for use in weaponry. In the third game of the Metroid Prime series, Dark Samus ambushes Samus and her fellow hunters, corrupting their bodies with phazon. Samus and the other hunters barely survive this. Because of this corruption, the cells in their bodies naturally produce phazon on their own. All of them were given PED suits (Phazon Enhancement Devices). Some federation soldiers have been given PED suits, but they have to wear backpacks filled with phazon energy to enhance their weapons. However, the corrupted hunters can extract the phazon that their cells are producing and use that. There is a danger to the corruption however. If their cells create too much phazon, then they will be "corrupted" into a dark version of their former selves, much like Dark Samus. In the case of Samus herself, the game will end with her screaming and turning into a second Dark Samus. Apparently the other hunters of Metroid Prime 3: Corruption were not able to correctly use the PED, as you must fight them all at least once. In Metroid Prime, the regular blue variant is seen in the game, as well as a more potent and more dangerous orange variant, found only in the Impact Crater. This Phazon is deadly to even Samus with her Phazon Suit.
Metroid Prime is a sapient Metroid, heavily mutated by Phazon, who serves as the main antagonist of the Metroid Prime trilogy. Upon its defeat at the end of Metroid Prime, it absorbed Samus's Phazon Suit and was reborn as Dark Samus. In Metroid Prime 2: Echoes, Dark Samus is fought several times, and each time is stronger than before. In Metroid Prime 3: Corruption Dark Samus is seen several times, but only fought at the very end of the game, where she has become powerful enough to create clones of herself. Her destruction in Prime 3 is seemingly final, and all Phazon is destroyed with her.
Story
The ten games in the Metroid series focus on the adventures of Samus Aran and her assignments to wipe out threats to the Galactic Federation presented by the Space Pirates and their attempts to harness various biological weapons such as the Metroids and the also the radioactive and mutagenic compound Phazon. The first Metroid game had Samus exploring the planet Zebes to stop the Space Pirates from exploiting the Metroid species to conquer the galaxy. She confronts the cybernetic lifeform Mother Brain, as well as its guardians, Kraid and Ridley.
The chronology of the Metroidfictional universe does not match the release order of the games. According to the official timeline released by Nintendo, the games currently released are ordered as follows:
Samus travels through the caverns of the planet Zebes to stop the Space Pirates from exploiting the Metroid species for galactic domination. She confronts the cybernetic lifeform Mother Brain, as well as its guardians, Kraid and Ridley. In the 2004 remake Metroid: Zero Mission, it is retconned that she was ambushed by Space Pirates after defeating Mother Brain and escaped from Zebes, and her ship crash-lands back on the surface. Stripped of her Power Suit and her ship destroyed, she is forced to infiltrate the Space Pirate mothership in order to find a way off the planet with only an emergency pistol for protection. After receiving a fully powered suit from deep within the Chozo ruins, she defeats Mecha-Ridley and escapes from the mothership before it self-destructs.
Samus receives a distress signal in her new ship and travels to Tallon IV to stop the Space Pirates from exploiting a powerful radioactive substance known as Phazon. She discovers that the Chozo once settled on this planet, and their disappearance, as well as the emergence of Phazon, is due to a meteor impacting the planet decades ago. After ruining a Space Pirate mining operation and collecting the twelve Chozo Artifacts that allow access to the sealed impact crater, she confronts, and seemingly destroys, Metroid Prime, the apparent source of the planet's Phazon corruption.
Not a separate canon game in the Metroid storyline but actually retells the story of the original Metroid Prime in pinball format. Despite playing as a pinball game, there are a number of powerups that can be collected in the multi-game mode, including missiles and power bombs. The game was the first to be bundled with the Nintendo DS Rumble Pak.
When the Federation receives an unusual telepathic message, Samus is sent to the remote Alimbic Cluster in the Tetra Galaxy to uncover the rumored "Ultimate Power." Six rival bounty hunters that also heard the message actively attempt to secure the power before anyone else, including Samus. It transpires that the promise of ultimate power was actually a lie sent by the creature Gorea, sealed away by the Alimbics in a void between dimensions. After killing Gorea, Samus and the 6 bounty hunters all leave the cluster, empty handed, but alive.
Samus is sent to investigate the planet Aether after a squad of GF Marines was lost there. Samus finds them all dead, killed by several creatures, mainly consisting of an evil race called the Ing. Upon meeting the only remaining member of Luminoth (the others were frozen in stasis chambers until the end of the game, where the last of the energy is replaced, and Dark Aether is destroyed), Samus learns Aether has been split into two dimensions by a meteor similar to the one that crashed on Tallon IV. Samus helps save Aether from the Ing, but encounters Metroid Prime once again, now called Dark Samus, a heavily mutated being who had copied Samus' genetic code and stolen her Phazon suit at the end of her Tallon IV adventure.
Space Pirates shut down Galactic Federation computer systems and then engage in large scale combat in an attempt to further spread Phazon. Enormous Phazon-based seedships, known as Leviathans, impact planets and begin corrupting them with Phazon. Samus is charged with destroying the 'Phazon Seeds' and restoring functionality to the Federation's computer network. After purging three planets of Phazon (including the Space Pirate homeworld), the Federation locates the source of Phazon, planet Phaaze, which is made entirely of Phazon. As the Federation engages the Space Pirates in orbit, Samus enters the depths of the planet, and succeeds at finally destroying Dark Samus and Phazon once and for all.
Following the events of the previous chapters, the Galactic Federation deems the Metroid species too dangerous to exist, and, after their own failed attempts, employs Samus to travel to the Metroid homeworld, SR388, and exterminate the entire species. After killing every Metroid, Samus finds an unhatched egg behind the Queen Metroid's chamber. Before she gets the chance to destroy it, it hatches a tiny Metroid larva which imprints Samus as its mother. Helping her escape back to her ship, it is handed over by Samus to the Galactic Federation's research station for study.
The study on the Metroid hatchling was astounding, it was found that Metroids can produce energy as well as absorb it, however before the scientists could conduct further research, Samus received a distress signal from the research lab. She returns just in time to see Ridley stealing the hatchling, having killed all of the scientists. She then follows Ridley to the rebuilt base on Zebes to stop the Space Pirates in their new plan to clone the Metroids and use them as a weapon. She kills the reborn versions of Ridley and Kraid, as well as new guardians Phantoon and Draygon, in order to confront Mother Brain once again. Samus is nearly killed in the battle, but is saved, and her suit supercharged, by the Metroid hatchling, shortly before Mother Brain kills it. Samus proceeds to destroy Mother Brain, and once again escapes Zebes during a countdown to an explosion. This time, the entire planet explodes, taking with it the few remaining cloned Metroids.
While acting as a bodyguard for researchers on the planet SR388, Samus is infected by a creature known as the X Parasite, originally the prey of the Metroid species. Doctors surgically remove portions of her Power Suit and cured the X infection with a vaccine created from the DNA of the baby Metroid from her previous adventure. The vaccine not only allowed her to survive the parasite, but to absorb them to power up her energy and weapons. She is then sent to investigate a disturbance at the space research facility, Biologic Space Labs, where researchers attempted to contain the infected Power Suit. It is revealed that an X mimicking Samus, nicknamed the SA-X, has taken control of Samus's suit and released other X parasites inside the other specimens, infecting the entire station as they assimilate other organisms. Samus soon discovers that the SA-X have multiplied, and that as many as ten of the beings are wandering the station. While trying to destroy SA-X, Samus not only discovers the frozen remains of Ridley, but she also uncovers a Federation research program to grow new Metroids. The Federation's goal was apparently to continue the research Ridley had interrupted years ago by cloning Metroids from the very same DNA extracted from the last hatchling from SR388. Realizing the threat this would pose, Samus's CO computer, Adam, suggests that she self-destruct the station, as well as alter its propulsion to intercept with SR388, causing the station's self-destruct vaporization field to include the planet, guaranteeing the elimination of the X and Metroid threat once and for all. Samus is confronted by one of the SA-X, which after taking a substantial amount of damage, mutates into a hideous beast. After Samus destroys the host, the parasite itself flees. After changing the station's propulsion to intercept with SR388, Samus races back to her ship before the station crashes, only to run into a large Omega Metroid. Samus is quickly defeated, at death's door, when the parasite she just defeated reforms into the SA-X, and attacks the Omega Metroid. The Omega Metroid defeats the SA-X, but this allows Samus to absorb the SA-X parasite and recover all her abilities. She manages to destroy the Omega Metroid, and escape in her ship moments before the station crashes..
The first sequel, Metroid II: Return of Samus, caused several changes to the game, including showing Samus' armor upgrades with a bulkier suit instead of a color change, that would become a recurring of the series. Also, the password system was replaced with Save Modules and cheat codes were also removed.[1] There was discussion after the release of Metroid: Zero Mission that a remake would be made, but since then R&D1 who make Zero mission was broken up and absorbed by EAD.[1]
Yoshio Sakamoto, director of the original Metroid, held off on participating in making Metroid II in order to prepare a Metroid sequel for the Super Nintendo that had not yet been approved.[1] On August 20, 2007, Super Metroid was made available on the Virtual Console.[3]
Retro Studios had been tasked with five projects by Nintendo, all of which floundered and were scrapped to focus on a 3D Metroid. Shigeru Miyamoto became personally involved, scrapped the 3rd person perspective of the game and introduced a first person perspective.[1] When it was reported that Metroid Prime would be a first-person perspective game instead of a side scroller, initial fan reaction was negative, fearing it would be too similar to the game Half-Life.[4]
Zero Mission was the first Metroid game to have cinematics sequences and an adjustable difficulty level.[5] The graphical engine of the game was based on Metroid Fusion but was also rebuilt in areas.[5]
A demo cartridge of Metroid Prime Hunters was included with the launch of the Nintendo DS portable gaming system.[6] Hunters was the first Metroid or Nintendo DS game to allow voice chat between players over the internet.[7]
Developers noted that that quality and quantity of cinematics was increased over Metroid Prime, and that the audio and visual features had all been redone from Metroid Prime and nothing had been carried over.[8]
Inital reports of Metroid Prime Pinball's coming release was met with wary reaction, as the company developing the game, Fuse Games, had also made Mario Pinball Land, which had been met with negative reviews.[9]
Metroid Prime 3 was the final game of the Prime trilogy, and was developed by Retro Studios just as the previous two had been. They took an extra few months to develop the game in order to perfect the controls, as they had to be fundamentally redesigned from the Gamecube controls.[10]
Development
History
Metroid provided a thoroughly nonlinear gaming experience.
Metroid was designed to be a shooting game that combined the platform jumping of the Super Mario Bros. with the non-linear exploration of the Legend of Zelda and also as intensive. Half way through development, the movie Aliens was released starring Sigourney Weaver. One of the staff said "Hey, wouldn't that be kind of cool if it turned out that this person inside the suit was a woman?", and the vote carried.[1]
Following the death of game director Gunpei Yokoi, the series did not have another game for eight years.[1]Metroid Prime was the first time that Nintendo, which is based in Japan, had allowed an outside studio (Retro Studios), to work on one of their titles.[11]
Rumors abounded since 2005 about the development of a title called Metroid Dread. In Metroid Prime 3, there is a message on a computer panel that if scanned says "Experiment status report update: Metroid project 'Dread' is nearing the final stages of completion." Developers from Retro Studios gave a full but cryptic denial of any connection with the rumored game, and Nintendo has denied they are making another 2D Metroid title at this time.
[12][13][14]
The central figures in the production and development of the Metroid series are Yoshio Sakamoto who has directed or supervised the development of all the games (excluding Metroid II), Gunpei Yokoi who headed R&D1 and produced the first three games before his death in 1997, Makoto Kanoh who directed and designed scenarios for the first three games, and Hiroji Kiyotake who designed the characters for the original game. Shigeru Miyamoto, who made the Mario and The Legend of Zelda series, has not been involved with the production of Metroid, but he did act as producer for both Metroid Prime and its sequel.
Audio
The Metroid series has been especially noted for its music. Hirokazu 'Hip' Tanaka, composer of the original Metroid, has said that he wanted to make a score that made players feel like they were encountering a "living organism", that had no distinction between music and sound effects.[15] The only time the main Metroid theme was heard was once Mother Brain was defeated, giving the victorious player the catharsis. At all other times, no melodies are present in the game.[16]
Comics and manga have been made for various magazines based on Metroid, Super Metroid, Metroid Prime, and Metroid: Zero Mission. Samus Aran and other Metroid characters also feature in the Captain N: The Game Master comic books by Valiant Comics. Mother Brain was also the main villain in the Captain N: The Game Master TV show.
Live-action Movie
A live-action movie version of Metroid was reportedly in development by Lion Rock Productions, based around Samus Aran, along with her early battles with the Metroids and the Mother Brain. It was scheduled to be released in theaters around 2006, but either has been canceled or remains in development hell.[22] On April 1, 2005, IGN posted an article reporting that critically panned director Uwe Boll would be directing the Metroid movie, with Samus herself being portrayed by Michelle Rodriguez, despite her opinion that the Gamecube was a "machine for kids". The supposed movie, with a $19 million budget, wouldn't follow the games' storylines; instead, it would have Samus, a "scientist for the government," donning a Power Suit to defend Earth from alien invaders in the near future, in a plot similar to that of Half-Life. At the end of the "report," however, Casamassina reveals the whole article was an April Fools Joke.[23]
Metroid was rated the 11th best game made on a Nintendo System in Nintendo Powers Top 200 Games list, while Metroid II was 85th.[42]
Metroids popularity grown over time. Metroid Prime, the first fully 3D Metroid, became one of the best-selling games on the GameCube, with about 1.49 million copies sold in the United States alone,[43] earning more than $50 million in revenue. It is also the 8th best-selling GameCube game in Australia,[44] and sold over 78,000 copies in Japan[45] and over 250,000 copies in Europe, thus entering the Player's Choice line in the PAL region.[46]
The original Metroid has been described as being boosted by its "eerie" music, adding a "sense of mystery and exploration" to the game by making the game "moody and atmospheric".[1][15]IGN praised the well timed music that helped add suspense to the experience.[47] On the popular video game music site OverClocked ReMix, Super Metroid is the 11th most remixed video game, with Metroid tied for 19th.[48] Music from Metroid has been frequently been re-released as part of "best of" video game music releases.[49][50][51]IGN called the aural experience with Metroid Prime 2: Echoes "mesmerizing".[52]Metroid Prime was tied for Best Sound in IGNs Best of 2002 for the Gamecube.[53]
^Jackson, Mike (2007-09-06). "Nintendo denies Metroid Dread". CVG. Retrieved 2007-09-06. ((cite web)): Check date values in: |date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
