Authority control databases: National
Authority control databases: National  |
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The New Apostolic Reformation (NAR) is a movement[1] which seeks to establish a fifth branch within Christendom distinct from Catholicism, Protestantism (which includes classical forms of Pentecostalism, the Charismatic movement, and Evangelicalism), Oriental Orthodoxy, and Eastern Orthodoxy.[citation needed] The NAR movement largely consists of churches nominally or formerly associated with Pentecostal denominations and Charismatic movements but have diverged from traditional or classical Pentecostal and Charismatic theology in that it advocates for the restoration of church governance by the lost offices of prophet and apostle,[2][3][4] which they believe were lost in the first centuries of Christianity[3][4] in favor of pastors, elders, and administrators.[4]
The New Apostolic Reformation is a title originally used by C. Peter Wagner to describe a movement within Pentecostal and charismatic churches. The title New Apostolic Reformation is descriptive of a theological movement and is not an organization and therefore does not have formal membership. Among those in the movement that inspired the title NAR, there is a wide range of variance on specific beliefs. Those within the movement hold to their denominational interpretations of the ongoing ministry of the Holy Spirit within each believer. Unlike some parts of Protestant Christianity, these include the direct revelation of Christ to each believer, prophecy, and the performance of miracles such as healing[clarification needed]. This movement has also been given the descriptive title "Third Wave of the Holy Spirit".[5]
Although the movement regards the church as the true body of saved believers, as does most of evangelical Protestantism, it differs from the broader Protestant tradition in its view on the nature of church leadership, specifically the doctrine of "five-fold ministry", which is based upon a non-traditional interpretation of Ephesians 4:11[clarification needed], the so called-"apostles and prophets",[6] evangelists, pastors (also referred to as the shepherds), and teachers.
Wagner listed the differences between the NAR and other Protestant denominations as follows[2] (these differences stated directly below also diverge from traditional Pentecostalism[citation needed][7][8]).
C. Peter Wagner wrote that most of the churches in this movement have active ministries of spiritual warfare.[10] In an article responding to criticism of the NAR, Wagner noted that those who affiliate themselves with the movement believe the Apostles' Creed and all the orthodoxy of Christian doctrine.
Similarities with traditional Pentecostalism:
The origins of the new apostolic reform are associated with the Pentecostal movement of the 1900s and with the Charismatic Christianity movements of the 1960s and 1980s.[12]
In 1996, the American theologian C. Peter Wagner organized a convention with 500 evangelical leaders, the National Symposium on the Postdenominational Church, including the organization of the church and evangelization, at the Fuller Theological Seminary of Pasadena in the United States.[13] Since this convention, the term has been used more and more in churches[citation needed].
Though few, if any, organizations publicly espouse connection to the NAR, a movement known for dominion theology and a belief in the continuing ministries of apostles and prophets alongside those of evangelists, pastors, and teachers, (Ephesians 4:11–13) there are several individuals often associated with this movement including:
C. Peter Wagner of Global Harvest Ministries considered the year 2001 to be the beginning of the second apostolic age, for the movement holds that the lost offices of prophet and apostle were restored in that year.[18]
After being named as part of the NAR, and critics believing that Bethel Church was instrumental in leading some Christians to embrace tenets of NAR, Pastor Bill Johnson of Bethel became regularly listed as an NAR leader. Johnson confirmed that he does believe in the apostolic and prophetic ministries, he denied however in an official statement that his church had any official ties to the NAR."[19][clarification needed]
Mike Johnson reacted to attacks against him such as Bill Maher comparing him to the Maine shooter, and Adam Kinzinger and the Daily Beast likening him to the Taliban by stating such were "disgusting" and "absurd", and that James Carville's characterization of his worldview as posing a greater threat to the U.S. than al Qaeda was "twisted and shameful".[20]
In 2023, Mike Johnson (R LA), Christian Nationalist newly elected Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, hung the Appeal to Heaven flag outside his Congressional office, which Rolling Stone, The New Republic[21] and National Public Radio[22] associated with the movement. Historically, this flag was a Revolutionary War banner, commissioned by George Washington as a naval flag for Massachusetts, while the quote "An Appeal to Heaven" is traced to John Locke,[23] in refuting the theory of the divine right of kings.[24]
When Rick Joyner of the MorningStar Ministries was listed, he announced that "there will likewise be a horde of false apostles released" continuing: "Our team received two very specific dreams warning about false 'apostolic movements' that were built more on organization than relationship. The dreams indicated that these were trying to bring forth apostles that were really more like corporate CEOs, and the movement that they led had the potential to do great damage to the church. The enemy's intent with this false apostolic movement was to have the church develop a deep revulsion to anything that was called apostolic."[25]
Forrest Wilder, senior editor for the Texas Observer, describes the New Apostolic Reformation as having "taken Pentecostalism, with its emphasis on ecstatic worship and the supernatural, and given it an adrenaline shot."[5] Wilder adds that beliefs of people associated with the movement "can tend toward the bizarre" and that it has "taken biblical literalism to an extreme".
Al Jazeera called the NAR "America's Own Taliban" in an article highlighting NAR's dominionism as bearing resemblance to Islamic extremism as seen in groups such as the Taliban because of the NAR's language concerning a form of prayer called spiritual warfare.[26]
National Public Radio brought the discussion about the political influence of the NAR to a national audience with a 2011 article. Lou Engle and Don Finto, who are considered to be leaders within the NAR, participated in a prayer event called "The Response" hosted by Texan governor Rick Perry, on August 6, 2011, in Houston, Texas. This event is cited as a sign of the influence of NAR beliefs on Rick Perry's political viewpoints.[5][27]
The Passion Translation has been identified by researchers of the NAR movement as containing "completely reworded verses, making it appear that the Bible supports NAR teachings."[28]
Details of what the NAR is and represents is debated within Christian Evangelicalism.[29]