Nicaraguan Spanish
Español nicaragüense
Pronunciation[espaˈɲol nikaɾaˈɣwense]
Native toNicaragua
RegionCentral American Spanish, Caribbean Spanish
Native speakers
5.3 million (2014)[1]
577,000 in Nicaragua (2014)
Early forms
Latin (Spanish alphabet)
Official status
Official language in
 Nicaragua
Regulated byAcademia Nicaragüense de la Lengua
Language codes
ISO 639-1es
ISO 639-2spa[2]
ISO 639-3
GlottologNone
IETFes-NI
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Nicaraguan Spanish (Spanish: Español nicaragüense) is geographically defined as the form of Spanish spoken in Nicaragua. Affectionately, Nicaraguan Spanish is often called Nicañol.[3]

The Spanish dialect in Nicaragua is heavily influenced by Nahuatl and Nawat in its vocabulary and subrate.[4][5][6] The Nawat language was spoken by the Nicarao people who inhabit the western half of the country. Despite it's extinction in Nicaragua, words of Nahuatl and Nawat origin can be seen and heard in daily Nicaraguan speech.[7]

Nicaragua has the highest frequency, among Central American/Caribbean countries, of the use of voseo—use of the pronoun vos and its verb forms for the familiar second-person singular ("you"), in place of the of Standard Spanish. In this regard it is similar to the usage of Argentina and Uruguay in the Río de la Plata region of South America. Vos is used frequently in colloquial and familiar settings, but Nicaraguans also understand tuteo. The use of "vos" can be heard in television programs and can be seen in written form in publications.[8]

In the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region and the South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region, language and pronunciation is strongly influenced by Indigenous and creole languages such as Miskito, Rama, Sumo, Miskito Coastal Creole, Jamaican Patois, Garifuna and Rama Cay Creole but Spanish has become the main language spoken.

Origins

The Nicaraguan accent, like most New World Spanish, dates back to the 16th century in [[Andalusia]]. It shares later developments of Andalusian Spanish with that of Cuba, the Dominican Republic and the Caribbean/coastal regions of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Puerto Rico. Nicaragua's relative isolation from Spain, however, and, to an extent, from other nations, fostered the development of the Nicaraguan accent, which did not change in the same ways that the Andalusian, Canarian, or other Spanish-American accents did.

Most Central American Dialects have their origins in Guatemala because most dialects grew in Captaincy General of Guatemala.

During its history, Nicaraguan Spanish has acquired many indigenous influences and several distinguishing characteristics. Until the 19th century, a hybrid form of Nahuat-Spanish was the common language of Nicaragua. Today, Nahuat, Mangue, Mayan and Chibcha words, along with their respective syntax, can be found in everyday speech. Also, as Nicaragua was a center-point of Mesoamerican and South American indigenous groups, there are a number of words widely used in Nicaragua which have Matagalpan, Chibcha, Miskito, Nahuatl, or other native origins, in particular names for flora, fauna and toponyms.

Pronunciation

Notable characteristics of Nicaraguan phonology include the following:

Second person singular pronouns

Vos

Vos is the predominant second person singular pronoun used by most speakers in familiar or informal contexts to address people in the same age group. Vos is also used by adults in addressing children or juveniles, but children address adults with usted, though this is changing in the 21st century.

Conjugations with the vos pronoun

Nicaraguan voseo is both pronominal and verbal; that is, speakers use the pronoun vos and the characteristic final-stressed verb forms. See Voseo

Affirmative Imperative

See Voseo Affirmative Imperative

The affirmative imperative in Nicaraguan voseo—like that of Rioplatense Spanish—places stress on the last syllable. For example, ¡Ven acá! or ¡Ven aquí! becomes ¡Vení!

Verb Meaning Vos Vosotros
ser "to be" sed
ir "to go" ve andá id
hablar "to speak" habla hablá hablad
callar "to become silent" calla callá callad
soltar "to release/let go" suelta soltá soltad
comer "to eat" come comé comed
mover "to move" mueve mové moved
venir "to come" ven vení venid
poner "to put" pon poné poned
salir "to leave" sal salí salid
tener "to have" ten tené tened
decir "to say" di decí decid
pedir "to ask/order" pide pedí pedid

Usted

Usted is the formal second person singular pronoun in Nicaraguan Spanish, as in almost all modern varieties of Spanish. Usted is used in addressing elderly people, authorities, foreigners formally and in business settings. In contrast to neighboring Costa Rica, Nicaraguans are more inclined to address a casual acquaintance as vos, rather than usted.

is hardly used in Nicaraguan Spanish, except in addressing foreigners familiarly, in speech or in writing. Due in part to the influence of Mexican, Colombian, and Venezuelan television programming, Nicaraguans are familiar with tuteo, and some television viewers, especially children, have begun to use it in limited contexts.

Vocabulary

A number of words widely used in Nicaragua which have Nahuatl, Chibcha or other native origins, in particular names for flora, fauna and toponyms. Some of these words are used in most, or all, Spanish-speaking countries, like chocolate and aguacate ("avocado"). For a more complete list see List of Spanish words of Nahuatl origin. Certain words that are ubiquitous in Nicaraguan Spanish may not be immediately recognizable to non-Nicaraguans:

See also

References

  1. ^ Spanish → Nicaragua at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ "ISO 639-2 Language Code search". Library of Congress. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  3. ^ Nicaragua: Culture
  4. ^ http://portal.amelica.org/ameli/jatsRepo/468/4682300007/html/index.html. ((cite web)): Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ^ http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?pid=S2413-26592022000200013&script=sci_abstract&tlng=en. ((cite web)): Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344683348_Situacion_actual_del_sustrato_nahuatl_en_el_espanol_de_Nicaragua. ((cite web)): Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ https://www.speakinglatino.com/2-ways-nahuatl-helped-shape-nicaraguan-spanish/. ((cite web)): Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. ^ "Diccionario panhispánico de dudas". buscon.rae.es.
  9. ^ a b c d e D. Lincoln Canfield, Spanish Pronunciation in the Americas (University of Chicago Press, 1981), pp. 65-66.
  10. ^ a b c d John M. Lipski, Latin American Spanish (Longman, 1994), pp. 290-291.
  11. ^ Lipski, John M. (2008). "Nicaraguan Spanish in the United States". Varieties of Spanish in the United States. Georgetown University Press. pp. 165–178. ISBN 9781589016514.
  12. ^ Navarro Tomás (2004)
  13. ^ John M. Lipski, Latin American Spanish (Longman, 1994), p. 292
  14. ^ John M. Lipski, Latin American Spanish (Longman, 1994), p. 293

Further reading