Nikolaos Michaloliakos | |
|---|---|
| General Secretary of the Golden Dawn | |
| Assumed office 1993[1] | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Member of the Hellenic Parliament | |
| Assumed office 28 June 2012 | |
| Member of the Athens Council | |
| In office 1 January 2011 – 17 May 2012 | |
| Succeeded by | Ioannis Vouldis |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Nikolaos G. Michaloliakos 16 December 1957 Athens, Greece |
| Political party | Golden Dawn |
| Spouse | Eleni Zaroulia |
| Children | Ourania Michaloliakou |
| Alma mater | National and Kapodistrian University of Athens |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Greece |
| Branch/service | Hellenic Army |
Nikolaos G. Michaloliakos (Greek: Νικόλαος Γ. Μιχαλολιάκος, pronounced [niˈkolaos mixaloˈʎakos]; born 16 December 1957) is the founder and leader of the far-right Golden Dawn party. In September 2013, he was arrested on charges of forming a criminal organization and was released in July 2015. The trial is ongoing as of 2017.
Early life and education
Michaloliakos was born in Athens in 1957. According to his party, he completed his studies at the Faculty of Mathematics of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.[2]
Political involvements
At the age of 16, he joined the nationalist 4th of August Party of Konstantinos Plevris. He also participated in the Athens local organisation of EOKA-B. He was arrested for the first time in July 1974, during a protest outside the British embassy in Athens, against the stance of the United Kingdom toward the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.[2] He was arrested again for assaulting journalists covering the December 1976 funeral of Evangelos Mallios, a policeman who allegedly tortured people during the Regime of the Colonels,[3] assassinated by the Revolutionary Organization 17 November, but was released due to technical issues related to his arrest.[1][4][5][6] While he was in prison, Michaloliakos met the leaders of the Greek military junta of 1967-1974.[1] After that he joined the Hellenic Army and became a commander of the Fast Attack Craft Command.[1] He was arrested again in July 1978 after he had become a member of a far-right extremist group, and sentenced to one year imprisonment in January 1979 for illegally carrying guns and explosives.[1][4] He was also dismissed from his position in the army.[2]
After he was released, he launched the Golden Dawn magazine. The politics of the magazine were, at least initially, closely aligned with National Socialist beliefs.[1][4] The publication of the magazine ceased in April 1984, when Michaloliakos joined the National Political Union, and took over the leadership of its youth section, after a personal order of Georgios Papadopoulos.[1] In January 1985 he broke away from the National Political Union and founded the "Popular National Movement - Golden Dawn".
Michaloliakos remained the leader of Golden Dawn until he announced its disbandment in November 2005.[7] He took this step due to clashes with anti-fascists.[7] In 2005–2007 he (like most members of Golden Dawn) continued his political activity through the Patriotic Alliance.[1] The party was reformed under his leadership in 2007.[8]
Golden Dawn as a political party drew public attention in the 1990s and early 2000.[1][4] In May 2012, under Michaloliakos' leadership, it garnered 21 seats in Parliament during an election conducted amid Greece's severe fiscal crisis, and was embroiled in various controversies, attracting international attention.[9] A particularly controversial point was Michaloliakos's denial of the existence of the gas chambers which the Nazis used to murder Jews, homosexuals, and other persons during World War II.[10]
Arrest
Following the fatal stabbing of left-wing rapper Pavlos Fyssas on 17 September 2013 by an alleged supporter of his party, Michaloliakos was arrested in a 28 September 2013 sweep, along with numerous other Golden Dawn leaders on the charges of being involved in a criminal organisation.[11] The charge sheet includes murder, extortion, and involvement in the disappearance of up to 100 immigrants.[12] After 18 months of pretrial detention, the maximum allowed, Michaloliakos was released from jail and placed under house arrest.[13] On July 29, 2015, his house arrest was lifted but he is prohibited from leaving the Attica region.[14]
In April 2015, the trial of Michaloliakos and 68 other defendants began at the high-security Korydallos prison in Athens,[15] but was adjourned a number of times for technical reasons and to find a more suitable setting.[16]
Personal life
He is the husband of fellow Golden Dawn member Eleni Zaroulia.[17] His daughter Ourania was one of six people arrested during a motorcycle attack against immigrants, all six were later released.[18][19]
Publications
- Enemies of the Regime (Εχθροί του Καθεστώτος), 2000
- Against All (Εναντίον Όλων), 2001
- The Last Loyals (Οι Τελευταίοι Πιστοί), 2002
- For a Greater Greece in a Free Europe (Για μια Μεγάλη Ελλάδα σε μια Ελεύθερη Ευρώπη), 2000
- Pericles Giannopoulos: The Apollonian Speech (Περικλής Γιαννόπουλος: Ο Απολλώνιος Λόγος), 2006
- The Confession of a Heathen (Η Εξομολόγηση ενός Εθνικού), reprinted in 2008
- From the Ashes of Berlin to Globalisation (Από τις Στάχτες του Βερολίνου στην Παγκοσμιοποίηση), 2008
- Defending National Memory (Υπερασπίζοντας την Εθνική Μνήμη), 2009
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Το κλούβιο "αβγό του φιδιού"". To Vima. 11 September 2005. Cite error: The named reference "ToVima" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c "Article about Michaloliakos published on Golden Dawn's website". Archived from the original on 2 October 2013.
((cite news)): Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ athensnews.gr Archived 17 February 2013 at archive.today
- ^ a b c d 2/7/1998 article published in Eleftherotypia newspaper
- ^ Article published on BBC News Online website
- ^ Greek Embassy (Consulate General, Los Angeles, USA) website Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b 01/12/05 article published by www.in.gr
- ^ Golden Dawn taps into voter anger and fear Archived 9 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine in Athens News
- ^ "Wordpress suspends Golden Dawn's blog". Ekathimerini.com.
- ^ Neo-Nazi chief denies gas chambers existed Independent Online (South Africa)
- ^ Lowen, Mark (28 September 2013). "Greece's Golden Dawn leader Nikolaos Michaloliakos held". BBC. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
- ^ Channel 4 News. "Swastikas but no faces please - Golden Dawn in crisis". Retrieved 30 September 2013.
((cite web)): CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Skordas, Aggelos (20 March 2015). "Extreme Right Golden Dawn Leader Michaloliakos and MP Lagos Released Ahead of Trial". GreekReporter. Greece. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
- ^ "Golden Dawn chief, wife, released from house arrest". ekathimerini. Greece. 29 July 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
- ^ Ayiomamitis, Paris. "Trial of far-right Golden Dawn leaders starts in Greece". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
- ^ Smith, Helena. "Golden Dawn leaders' trial adjourned until next week". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
- ^ Rashty, Sandy (11 October 2012). "Greek neo-Nazi party on EU equality committee". Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
- ^ Smith, Helena (7 June 2012). "Golden Dawn MP's live TV assault shocks Greece". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
- ^ Houlakis, Pantelis; Souliotis, Yiannis (21 June 2012). "Violence against migrants in Greece intensifies". Ekathimerini. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
External links
- Terms of office of Nikolaos Michaloliakos at the Hellenic Parliament (in English)
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