Alliance of Hope | |
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Malay name | Pakatan Harapan ڤاكتن هارڤن |
Chinese name | 希望联盟 希望聯盟 |
Tamil name | நம்பிக்கை கூட்டணி |
Abbreviation | PH |
President | Wan Azizah Wan Ismail |
Chairman | Anwar Ibrahim |
Deputy President | |
Founded | 22 September 2015 |
Legalised | 16 May 2018[1] |
Preceded by | Pakatan Rakyat |
Headquarters |
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Newspaper |
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Student wing | Pakatan Harapan Student Movement |
Youth wing | Pakatan Harapan Youth Movement[2][3] |
Women's wing | Pakatan Harapan Youth Movement[2][3] |
Ideology | |
Political position | Centre-left |
Colours | |
Dewan Negara | 15 / 70 |
Dewan Rakyat | 81 / 222 |
State Legislative Assemblies | 139 / 606 |
Chief minister of states | 3 / 13 |
Party flag | |
Website | |
pakatanharapan 2022 campaign website | |
This article is part of a series on the |
Politics of Malaysia |
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Alliance of Hope | |||||||||||
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Traditional Chinese | 希望聯盟 | ||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 希望联盟 | ||||||||||
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The Alliance of Hope (Malay: Pakatan Harapan; abbrev: PH; stylized as HARAPAN) is a Malaysian political coalition consisting of centre-left political parties which was formed in 2015 to succeed the Pakatan Rakyat coalition. It has been part of a "Unity Government" since November 2022 together with other political coalitions and parties as a result of the 2022 Malaysian general election, and previously for 22 months after it had won the 2018 Malaysian general election until February 2020 when it lost power as a result of the 2020 Malaysian political crisis at the federal level. The coalition deposed the Barisan Nasional coalition government during the 2018 election, ending its 60-year-long reign (together with its predecessor, Alliance) since independence.
It is currently the largest coalition in the Dewan Rakyat with 81 seats. At the state level, it is the ruling coalition in 7 of the 13 states in the nation, Penang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Perak, Pahang, Melaka and Sabah. It rules Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Melaka in coalition governments with Barisan Nasional (BN) and Sabah with Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) and BN. It is also a confidence and supply in the Johor state government led by BN. PH alone holds two-thirds majority in the state legislative assembly of Penang while PH and BN together hold two-thirds majorities in the state legislative assemblies of Negeri Sembilan and Melaka while PH, GRS and BN together hold two-thirds majority in the state legislative assembly of Sabah.[4]
The coalition consists of the Democratic Action Party, People's Justice Party, National Trust Party, and United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation.
The coalition lost its majority in parliament and fell from power in February 2020 when its chairman and then-Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad resigned after 22 months in office (compared to his 22 years as Prime Minister while with UMNO), and the Malaysian United Indigenous Party together with 11 members of parliament from the People's Justice Party left the coalition.[5][6][7]
After the 2022 general election that resulted in a hung parliament, the Alliance of Hope returned to power with a two-thirds majority, led by Prime Minister and PH Chairman Anwar Ibrahim, by forming a coalition government with National Front (BN), Sarawak Parties' Alliance (GPS), Sabah People's Alliance (GRS), Heritage Party (WARISAN), Malaysian People's Party (PBM), Social Democratic Harmony Party (KDM), and independents. Meanwhile Muhyiddin Yassin's Perikatan Nasional declined to join the coalition, and took the role of the opposition, with 74 seats.
Pakatan Harapan is a direct successor to the three-party Pakatan Rakyat coalition that consisted of the People's Justice Party, the Democratic Action Party and the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party. Pakatan Harapan was founded on 22 September 2015, two years after the 2013 general election, due to disagreements and conflicts between PAS and DAP mainly regarding the issue of the implementation of the sharia law, resulting in PAS splitting off from Pakatan Rakyat and the break-up of the coalition on 16 June 2015.[8][9] The dissolution resulted in the formation of a new coalition named Pakatan Harapan, consisting the former Pakatan Rakyat parties, PKR and DAP, and a PAS split-off party, the National Trust Party.[10][11]
On 12 November 2016, a United Malays National Organisation split-off party, the Malaysian United Indigenous Party, founded and led by former Malaysian Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, confirmed that the party was committed to joining the opposition bloc Pakatan Harapan.[12][13] Later, on 13 December, the party formed an electoral pact with Pakatan Harapan,[14] and finally on 14 March 2017, BERSATU officially joined Pakatan Harapan as a member party.[15]
On 14 July 2017, the Presidential council line-up was confirmed. A common logo was also introduced with the word "Harapan" with the "A" shaped as a chevron in white on a red background. The logo was initially planned to be used by all participating candidates for the 2018 general election, but the use of the logo and registration of the coalition was denied by the Election Commission.[16] To pursue the coalition's plan to contest under a common logo, Pakatan announced that the PKR logo will be used by all component parties of the coalition as its election symbol in the elections,[17] excluding for DAP who chose to contest under their own party flag in Sabah and Sarawak.[18][19][20]
The coalition secured an electoral pact with the Sabah-based Sabah Heritage Party for the 2018 general election. WARISAN's president, Shafie Apdal, promised that the party would be represented on the federal cabinet if the coalition came to power,[21] adding that through the electoral pact they will only co-operate with Pakatan as an ally, and not joining the pact as a component party since they will only contest in Sabah, not in Peninsular Malaysia.[22] In that election, Pakatan Harapan swept the election and formed the government in a surprise upset overturning the former ruling party UMNO's decades of uninterrupted rule, as the Malay vote was dissatisfied and mainly went to Amanah and popular former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad's party Bersatu, while the Chinese vote was solidly behind parties like DAP and PKR. Following the surprise victory of Pakatan Harapan and WARISAN in the general election, the United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation announced that they have left Barisan Nasional and will form a new Sabah state government with WARISAN and Pakatan Harapan.[23] UPKO and WARISAN are currently both the allies for Pakatan Harapan since both parties are also allied towards each other's in Sabah.[24]
At the state level, due to 2018 general election results the coalition formed the government in the states of Kedah, Penang, Perak, Selangor, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Johor and Sabah.[note 1] Pakatan Harapan also forms a government with a two-thirds majority in the states of Penang, Selangor and Johor.
Main article: 2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis |
On 16 May 2018, the coalition was officially registered.[25] After winning the power in 2018, the coalition made some efforts in ensuring an independent trial for Najib's corruption charges, an independent anti-corruption commission, and repealing anti-fake news law. On the other hand, other issues such as decentralisation of powers to Sabah and Sarawak, educational reform, issues relating to indigenous people (orang asli), racial equality, and political patronage remained unchanged. Meanwhile, the Pakatan Harapan government was distracted by factional infighting.[26]
On 24 February 2020, Mahathir resigned as the Prime Minister. BERSATU which had 26 MPs, withdrew from the ruling Pakatan Harapan coalition. In addition, 11 MPs from PKR resigned from the party to form an independent bloc. This left Pakatan Harapan with 37 seats short of the 112 seats needed to form a government. The surprise announcement came amid speculation that Mahathir was attempting to form a new ruling coalition that would exclude his designated successor Anwar Ibrahim.[5][6][7] However, Anwar later clarified to reporters that Mahathir did not orchestrate the act. These events also resulted in the number of Pakatan Harapan coalition member parties returning to the original three.[27]
At the state level, Pakatan Harapan lost control of Johor, Malacca, Perak and Kedah. A few PKR, DAP and AMANAH representatives in the state legislative assemblies quit their party and expressed support for the new Perikatan Nasional government in those four states.[28][29][30][31] In the 2022 Malaysian general election,Pakatan Harapan won most Dewan Rakyat seats in Selangor,Johor,Penang,Perak,Melaka and Negeri Sembilan.In the states of Kelantan,Terengganu,Kedah and Perlis,most of the candidates are losing their 12.5% deposit and lose to Perikatan Nasional candidates with large margin. In the states legislative assemblies,Pakatan Harapan won 24 in Perak State Legislative Assembly,1 in Perlis State Legislative Assembly,and 8 in Pahang State Legislative Assembly.
Pakatan Harapan at the coalition level doesn't have any allegiance with political internationals. However, some of its component parties do, as PKR was recognized as an observer party of Liberal International while DAP co-founded the Progressive Alliance. In the aftermath of 15th general election, Anwar Ibrahim received congratulatory messages from the Ennahda Party of Tunisia.[32] The party previously was present at an event organised by AMANAH in 2015.
Flag | Name | Ideology | Position | Leader(s) | Seats contested |
2022 result | Current seats | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes (%) | Seats | Composition | ||||||||
Member parties | ||||||||||
PKR | People's Justice Party Parti Keadilan Rakyat |
Liberal democracy Social liberalism |
Centre-left | Anwar Ibrahim | 102 | 15.74% | 31 / 222
|
31 / 81
| ||
DAP | Democratic Action Party Parti Tindakan Demokratik |
Social democracy Social liberalism |
Centre-left | Anthony Loke Siew Fook | 55 | 15.61% | 40 / 222
|
40 / 81
| ||
AMANAH | National Trust Party Parti Amanah Negara |
Progressivism Islamic modernism |
Centre-left | Mohamad Sabu | 54 | 5.70% | 8 / 222
|
8 / 81
| ||
UPKO | United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation Pertubuhan Kinabalu Progresif Bersatu |
Sabah regionalism | N/A | Ewon Benedick | 5 | 0.47% | 2 / 222
|
2 / 81
|
No. | Name (Birth–Death) |
Portrait | Term of office | Time in office | Political party | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Mahathir Mohamad (b. 1925) |
14 July 2017 | 24 February 2020 | 2 years, 225 days | BERSATU | |
2 | Anwar Ibrahim (b. 1947) |
14 May 2020 | Incumbent | 3 years, 346 days | PKR |
No. | Name (Birth–Death) |
Portrait | Term of office | Time in office | Political party | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Wan Azizah Wan Ismail (b. 1952) |
14 July 2017 | Incumbent | 6 years, 285 days | PKR |
No. | Name
(Birth–Death) |
Portrait | Term of office | Time in office | Political party | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Zuraida Kamaruddin (b. 1958) |
14 August 2017 | 24 February 2020 | 2 years, 194 days | PKR | |
2 | Chong Eng (b. 1957) |
18 March 2021 | 12 September 2021 | 178 days | DAP | |
3 | Aiman Athirah Sabu (b. 1972) |
12 September 2021 | Incumbent | 2 years, 225 days | AMANAH |
No. | Name
(Birth–Death) |
Portrait | Term of office | Time in office | Political party | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad (b. 1982) |
31 October 2017 | 13 December 2018 | 1 year, 43 days | PKR | |
2 | Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman (b. 1992) |
13 December 2018 | 24 February 2020 | 1 year, 73 days | BERSATU | |
3 | Shazni Munir Mohd Ithnin (1987–2021) |
4 March 2021 | 6 August 2021 | 155 days | AMANAH | |
4 | Howard Lee Chuan How (b. 1983) |
12 September 2021 | 29 July 2022 | 320 days | DAP | |
5 | Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen (b. 1986) |
29 July 2022 | Incumbent | 1 year, 270 days | DAP |
|}
Main article: Members of the Dewan Negara, 15th Malaysian Parliament |
Main article: Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament |
Pakatan Harapan has 81 members in the House of Representatives .
Main article: List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2023–present) |
Main article: State legislative assemblies of Malaysia |
State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negeri Sembilan | Menteri Besar | Aminuddin Harun | PKR | Sikamat | |
Penang | Chief Minister | Chow Kon Yeow | DAP | Padang Kota | |
Selangor | Menteri Besar | Amirudin Shari | PKR | Sungai Tua |
Pakatan Harapan also forms the state governments of Pahang, Perak, Melaka and Johor in coalition with Barisan Nasional, and the state government of Sabah in coalition with Gabungan Rakyat Sabah, following the formation of the federal unity government (Kerajaan Perpaduan) in the aftermath of the 15th general election of November 2022.
State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Penang | Deputy Chief Minister I | Mohamad Abdul Hamid | PKR | Batu Maung | |
Penang | Deputy Chief Minister II | Jagdeep Singh Deo | DAP | Datok Keramat |
State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Melaka | Deputy Speaker | Kerk Chee Yee | DAP | Ayer Keroh | |
Negeri Sembilan | Speaker | Mk Ibrahim Abdul Rahman | AMANAH | Non-MLA | |
Pahang | Deputy Speaker | Lee Chin Chen | DAP | Bilut | |
Penang | Speaker | Law Choo Kiang | PKR | Non-MLA | |
Penang | Deputy Speaker | Azrul Mahathir Aziz | AMANAH | Bayan Lepas | |
Perak | Deputy Speaker | Jenny Choy Tsi Jen | DAP | Canning | |
Selangor | Speaker | Lau Weng San | DAP | Non-MLA | |
Selangor | Deputy Speaker | Mohd Kamri Kamaruddin | PKR | Bukit Antarabangsa |
Election | Total seats won | Seats contested | Total votes | Voting Percentage | Outcome of election | Election leader |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | 122 / 222
|
222 | 5,615,822 | 45.56% | 53 seats; Governing coalition (2018–2020) later Opposition coalition (2020–2022) |
Mahathir Mohamad |
2022 | 82 / 222
|
220 | 5,801,327 | 37.46% | 40 seats; Governing coalition with Barisan Nasional, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, Gabungan Rakyat Sabah and Parti Warisan | Anwar Ibrahim |
State election | State Legislative Assembly | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perlis | Kedah | Kelantan | Terengganu | Penang | Perak | Pahang | Selangor | Negeri Sembilan | Malacca | Johor | Sabah | Sarawak | Total won / Total contested | |
2/3 majority | 2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
|
2016 | 10 / 82 |
|||||||||||||
2018 | 3 / 15 |
18 / 36 |
0 / 45 |
0 / 32 |
37 / 40 |
29 / 59 |
9 / 42 |
51 / 56 |
20 / 36 |
15 / 28 |
36 / 56 |
29 / 60 |
241 / 587
| |
2020 | 32 / 73
|
|||||||||||||
2021 | 5 / 28
|
5 / 28
| ||||||||||||
2021 | 2 / 82
|
2 / 62
| ||||||||||||
2022 | 12 / 56
|
12 / 50
| ||||||||||||
2022 | 1 / 15
|
24 / 59
|
8 / 42
|
33 / 115
| ||||||||||
2023 | 3 / 36
|
1 / 45
|
0 / 32
|
27 / 40
|
32 / 56
|
17 / 36
|
80 / 137
|