Peter Gay (born Peter Joachim Fröhlich; June 20, 1923 – May 12, 2015) was the Sterling Professor of History Emeritus at Yale University and former director of the New York Public Library's Center for Scholars and Writers (1997–2003). Gay received the American Historical Association's (AHA) Award for Scholarly Distinction in 2004. He is the author of more than twenty-five books, including The Enlightenment: An Interpretation, a multi-volume award winner; Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider (1968), a bestseller; and the widely translated Freud: A Life for Our Time (1988).^[1]

Peter Gay was born in Berlin, Germany in 1923 and immigrated to the United States in 1941. From 1948 to 1955 he was a political science professor at Columbia University, and then a history professor from 1955 to 1969. He left Columbia in 1969 to join Yale University’s History Department as Professor of Comparative and Intellectual European History, and was named Sterling Professor of History in 1984. Sander L. Gilman, a literary historian at Emory University, called Gay "one of the major American historians of European thought, period".^[2]

Born in 1923 as Peter Joachim Fröhlich in Berlin, Gay and his family fled from Nazi Germany in 1939 and arrived in America in 1941.^[3] In Berlin he was educated at the Goethe-Gymnasium. His family initially booked passage on the MS St. Louis (whose passengers were eventually denied visas) but fortuitously changed their booking to an earlier voyage to Cuba. He came to the United States in 1941, took American citizenship in 1946, and changed his name from Fröhlich (German for "happy") to Gay. Gay received his education at the University of Denver, where he was awarded a BA in 1946 and at Columbia University where he was awarded an MA in 1947 and PhD in 1951. Gay worked as political science professor at Columbia between 1948–1955 and as history professor from 1955-1969. He taught at Yale from 1969 until his retirement in 1993. He was married to Ruth Slotkin (died 2006) in 1959 and has three stepchildren. Peter Gay died at home in Manhattan on May 12, 2015, at the age of 91.^[2]

According to the American Historical Association's Award Citation, Gay's range of "scholarly achievements is truly remarkable". The New York Times described him in 2007 as "the country's pre-eminent cultural historian".^[4]

De Dijn argues that Gay, in The Enlightenment: An Interpretation (1966), first formulated the interpretation that the Enlightenment brought political modernization to the West, in terms of introducing democratic values and institutions and the creation of modern, liberal democracies. While the thesis has many critics, it has been widely accepted by Anglophone scholars and has been reinforced by the large-scale studies by Robert Darnton, Roy Porter and most recently by Jonathan Israel.^[5]

Gay's 1959 book, Voltaire's Politics: The Poet as Realist examined Voltaire as a politician and how his politics influenced the ideas that Voltaire championed in his writings.^[6] Gay followed the success of Voltaire's Politics with a wider history of the Enlightenment, The Enlightenment: An Interpretation (1966, 1969, 1973), whose first volume won the 1967 U.S. National Book Award in History and Biography.^[7] His 1968 book, Weimar Culture, was a study on the cultural history of the Weimar Republic.^[8][9]

Gay was also a champion of psychohistory and an admirer of Sigmund Freud.^[10][11] Starting in 1978 with Freud, Jews and Other Germans, an examination of the impact of Freudian ideas on German culture, his writing demonstrated an increasing interest in psychology.^[12] Many of his works focused on the social impact of psychoanalysis. For example, he wrote A Godless Jew: Freud, Atheism, and the Making of Psychoanalysis, where he wrote about Freud's atheism and linked it to his development of psychoanalysis as a field.^[13] He wrote history books applying Freud's theories to history, such as The Bourgeois Experience: From Victoria to Freud. He also edited a collection of Freud's writings called The Freud Reader.^[14] His writing was generally favorable to Freud and his school of thought, although it could be critical at times.^[10][11]

Gay's 5-volume magnum opus The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud (1984-98) leaves few secrets about the Victorians unexposed, applying Freudian analysis when appropriate while displaying a vast erudition.^[15]

Gay's 2007 book Modernism: The Lure of Heresy explores the modernist movement in the arts from the 1840s to the 1960s, from its beginnings in Paris to its spread to Berlin and New York City, ending with its death in 1960s Pop Art.^[4]

Peter Gay has received numerous awards for his scholarship, including the National Book Award in History and Biography for The Rise of Modern Paganism (1967), the first volume of The Enlightenment;^[7] the first Amsterdam Prize for Historical Science from The Hague, 1990; and the Gold Medal of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, 1992. In addition, he was a Guggenheim Fellow in 1967–68 and in 1978–79, a Visiting Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in Berlin, Germany, and an Overseas Fellow of Churchill College University from 1970 to 1971. In 1988, he was honored by The New York Public Library as a Library Lion. The following year, he was elected to the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. Professor Gay held an ACLS Fellowship in 1959–60.^[16] He has also been recognized with several honorary doctorates.

• American Historical Association Award for Scholarly Distinction, 2004 ^[17]
• Geschwister-Scholl-Preis (Munich, 1999) ^[18]
• American Academy of Arts and Letters, Gold Medal, 1992 ^[19]
• Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Award for Historical Science, The A.H. Heineken Prize, 1990 ^[20]
• American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, 1989 ^[21]
• New York Public Library, Library Lion, 1988 ^[22]
• National Book Award, 1967 ^[7]
• Guggenheim Fellowship 1966 ^[23]

• The Dilemma of Democratic Socialism: Eduard Bernstein's Challenge to Marx, 1952.^[24]
• Voltaire's Politics: The Poet as Realist, 1959.^[25]
• "Rhetoric and Politics in the French Revolution," The American Historical Review Vol. 66, No. 3, April 1961
• "An Age of Crisis: A Critical View," The Journal of Modern History Vol. 33, No. 2, June 1961
• The Party of Humanity: Essays in the French Enlightenment, 1964.^[26]
• The Enlightenment: An Interpretation: The Rise of Modern Paganism, 1966 — winner of the National Book Award.^[7]
• The Loss of Mastery: Puritan Historians in Colonial America, 1966.^[27]
• Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider, 1968.^[28]
• Deism: An Anthology, 1968.^[29]
• The Enlightenment: An Interpretation: The Science of Freedom, 1969.
• The Bridge of Criticism: Dialogues on the Enlightenment, 1970.^[30]
• Historians at Work - 4 vols., 1972-5.^[31]
• co-written with Robert Kiefer Webb, Modern Europe: Since 1815, 1973.^[32]
• The Enlightenment; A Comprehensive Anthology, 1973.^[33]
• Style in History, 1974.^[34]
• Art and Act: On Causes in History— Manet, Gropius, Mondrian, 1976.^[35]
• Freud, Jews, and Other Germans: Masters and Victims in Modernist Culture, 1978.^[36]
• The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, 5 vols., 1984-1998^[37], including "The Education of the Senses" (1984), "The Tender Passion" (1986), "The Cultivation of Hatred" (1993), "The Naked Heart" (1995), and "Pleasure Wars" (1998).
• Freud for Historians, 1985.^[38]
• A Godless Jew: Freud, Atheism, and the Making of Psychoanalysis, 1987.^[39]
• Freud: A Life for Our Time, 1988 — finalist for the National Book Award for Nonfiction.^[40]
• Editor The Freud Reader, 1989.^[41]
• Reading Freud: Explorations & Entertainments, 1990.^[42]
• Sigmund Freud and Art: His Personal Collection of Antiquities, 1993.^[43]
• The Enlightenment and the Rise of Modern Paganism revised edition, 1995.^[44]
• My German Question: Growing Up in Nazi Berlin, 1998 (autobiography).^[45]
• Mozart, 1999.^[46]
• Schnitzler's Century, 2002.^[47]
• Modernism: The Lure of Heresy: from Baudelaire to Beckett and Beyond, 2007.^[48]

• Toews, John: "Historicizing Psychoanalysis: Freud in His Time and of Our Time." Journal of Modern History, Volume 63 (1991), pp. 504–545.

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