This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using ((lang)), ((transliteration)) for transliterated languages, and ((IPA)) for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. See why. (December 2022)

Most of the Portuguese vocabulary comes from Latin because Portuguese is a Romance language.

Historical map of the Portuguese language (Galaico-português) since the year 1,000

However, other languages that came into contact with it have also left their mark. In the thirteenth century, the lexicon of Portuguese had about 80% words of Latin origin and 20% of pre-Roman Gallaecian and Celtiberian, Germanic, Greek and Arabic origin.[1]

Pre-Roman languages of Portugal

Pre-Roman languages of Iberia circa 300 BC

Traces of the languages from native peoples of western Iberia (Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici or Conii) persist in Portuguese, as shown below. Most of the pre-Roman placenames or rivers in Portugal originate from the Hispano-Celtic Gallaecian and Celtiberian languages. There are also a few Iberian, Basque and Tartessian components in Portuguese.

List of Portuguese words of Iberian and Basque origin

Iberian-Basque

Projections on Iberian vocabulary, toponyms and derivations in Portuguese, indicate just a few dozen words in total.[citation needed]

Basque

The Basque influence in Portuguese is believed to have entered mainly through Spanish, because many of those who took part in the Reconquista and later repopulation campaigns in Portugal, were of Basque lineage.[citation needed]

Names of Basque origin
Forenames
Surnames

Celtic

Overview of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures

Although there is not a comprehensive study or wordcount on how much Celtic, (particularly Gallaecian[8] and words from the Hispano-Celtic group) survived in Portuguese (and Galician);[9] it is fair to say that after Latin, this is the second largest component in the Portuguese culture and language.[10] Projections on Celtic vocabulary (some words may have come via French borrowings starting in the 12th century), toponyms and derivations in Portuguese, indicate over 3,000 words.[11] The Celtic substratum is often overlooked,[12] due to the strong Latinisation of Celtic-derived[13] words in Portuguese and the ancient linguistic threads of pre-Roman origin.

List of Portuguese words of Celtic origin

Placenames

Celtic name Modern location/town name
Anobra Anobra *Likely derived from ānniyobris "hill,"ring" (Cf. old Irish ainne "ring"),[14]
Aritium oppidum vetus Casal da Várzea
Aritium Vetus Alvega
Ardila Ardila
Armona Ilha de Armona
Arauca Arouca[15]
Equabonna/Aquabona Coina
Axabrica/Axabrix Xabregas
Boidobr(ig)a Boidobra, a combination of two elements: 1. *boudi[16] or *boudo- 'victory' (Welsh budd 'gain, benefit') and 2. "briga".
Bracara Braga
Brigantia Bragança
Budens Budens
Caetobriga/Caetobrix/Kaitobrix Setúbal
Calabria > Caliabriga Castelo Calabre
Cambra<Calambriga Vale de Cambra (Aveiro), Casal de Cambra (Sintra)
Cale Vila Nova de Gaia; Portucale; Portugal[17]
Castralbo(a) Penalva do Castelo[18][12]
Caxarias from the Celtic root *cax, oak-tree [19]
Colobre Alcolobre *(Colobre, 935 C.E.): the first element derives from *kʷolu- 'wheel'[20]
Conímbriga Conímbriga *Coimbra,[21]
Corucho* Coruche,*[22][23]
Civitas Aravorum <Aravi> Marialva
Collippo Leiria[17]
Ebora Évora
Eburobrittium Óbidos
Jurumegna Juromenha
Lacobriga Lagos
Lamecum Lamego
Lemos Lemos, Lemenar, Lemenhe[24]
Londobris Berlengas
Longobriga Longroiva
Civitas Aravorum <Aravi> Marialva (Mêda)
Malaceca/Malateca Marateca
Mirobriga Miróbriga
Moron Castelo de Almorol
Pendraganum Pedrógão Grande
Terena Terena

Names

Forenames

Portuguese name Origin and meaning
Artur Arthur * The meaning of this name is unknown. It could be derived from the Celtic elements artos "bear" combined with viros "man" or rigos "king". Alternatively it could be related to an obscure Roman family name Artorius.[25]
Brandão Brendanus * Latinized form of the Irish name Bréanainn, which was derived from a Welsh word meaning "prince". Saint Brendan was a 6th-century Irish abbot who, according to legend, crossed the Atlantic and reached North America with 17 other monks.[26]
Breno Brennus * Latinized form of a Celtic name (or title) that possibly meant either "king, prince" or "raven". Brennus was a Gallic leader of the 4th century BC who attacked and sacked Rome.[27]
Brígida Brighid * Irish, meaning "exalted one". In Irish mythology this was the name of the goddess of fire, poetry and wisdom, the daughter of the god Dagda.[28]
Tristão Drust * Pictish name probably derived from Celtic drest meaning "riot" or "tumult". This name was borne by several kings of the Picts, including their last king Drust X, who ruled in the 9th century.[29]
Viriato Viriathus * From the Latinised name Viriathus or Viriatus, derived from Celtic viriae ("bracelets"). Viriathus was a leader of the Lusitani (a tribe of Portugal) who rebelled against Roman rule in the 2nd century BC.[30]

Surnames

A considerable number of the Portuguese surnames (spread in all Portuguese-speaking countries and ex-colonies today) is Celtic or of Latinised, Celtic-borrowings. This is not a comprehensive list of those.

A – L
M – Z

General vocabulary

Germanic languages

The main Germanic influence in Portuguese were the Suebi and Visigoths (also Buri and Vandals).[citation needed]

Their vocabulary in Portuguese is often related to warfare/military topics, animals texugo (badger), natural world orvalho (dew), Human qualities like franqueza (frankness, candour), orgulho (pride), some verbs like ganhar (to gain), town and placenames such as Aldão,[145] Alderete, Albergaria-a-Velha, Albergaria-a-Nova (from Gothic 'haribergo'), Ermesinde and Esposende, where sinde and sende for instance; are derived from the Germanic "sinths" (military expedition), numerous Suebi[146] derivations like, Freamunde (from 'Fredemundus'), Vermunde, Amonde (Onomondi), Samonde, Gimonde, Aldão,[citation needed] Guadramil, Gondomil, Samil, Gosende, Guilhofrei (from Geodefredis), Esmoriz, Esmeriz (toponymics of Hermeric, king of the Suebians), Alhariz (toponymic of Aliaricus), Oriz, Touriz, Roriz, Gavieira, Gondoriz, Gondizalves, Gondar, Gondomar (from Gundomarus), Gondarém, Gudim, Guimarães (from Vimara), Torres Vedras (from Turres Veteras, 'old tower'[147]), Sousa, Terras de Sousa and Terras de Bouro (land of the Buri), Serra do Bouro, Bouro, are found mainly in the Minho (Braga) and Douro (Porto) regions- these two provinces present the highest concentration of Germanic toponyms in the Iberian Peninsula, as they historically correspond to old the Suebic Kingdom in the middle-ages.[148]

Maps about the King Rechila of the Suebi conquests (438-448).

Many of the Germanic words entered the language during the late antiquity, either as words introduced into Vulgar Latin elsewhere, or as words brought along by the Suebi who settled in Gallaecia (Northern Portugal and Galicia) in the 5th century, and also by the Visigoths who annexed the Suebic Kingdom in 585 and ruled until the 8th century AD. It is very difficult to establish how the Suebi and Visigoth dialects differed from each other during that period, how much linguistic assimilation occurred, and therefore almost impossible to classify words with etymological certainty.[149]

List of Portuguese words of Germanic origin

Main article: List of Portuguese words of Germanic origin

Because they have different Germanic origins, this list is divided into words that come from English, Frankish, Langobardic, Middle Dutch, Middle High German, Middle Low German, Old English, Old High German, Old Norse, Old Swedish, and Visigothic and finally, words which come from a Germanic root, where the specific source is unknown or uncertain. Projections indicate over 600 Germanic words in Portuguese,[citation needed] with a tendency to increase due to English, German and other modern influences. Some of these words existed in Latin as loanwords from other languages. Some of these words have alternate etymologies and may also appear on a list of Galician words from a different language. Some words contain non-Germanic elements. Any form with an asterisk (*) is unattested and therefore hypothetical.

from Frankish

from Norwegian

Langobardic:

from Middle Dutch

from Middle High German

from Middle Low German

This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2013)

from Old English

from Old Norse

from Old Swedish

from Gothic, Suebian

from Germanic languages

Others

A

Germanic Names

Ancient Roman-derived names are the most numerous in Portugal and Portuguese-speaking countries. Together with Germanic-derived names they constitute the majority of those (and similarly to most European/Western countries inherited also a number of ancient Greek and Hebrew names) today. With globalisation, a number of new Germanic names (and other origins) exist in Portuguese. Because they stem from the same root, Portuguese and Galician share common Germanic names, inherited from the Suevi (who settled in northern Portugal and Galicia in 409 AD), Visigoths, Vandals, Buri and other Germanic peoples, were often the most common Portuguese-Galician names during the early and high Middle Ages. This article deals with Germanic personal names recorded and used in northern Portugal, Galicia and its adjoining regions: territories of the kingdom of the Suebi during the early Middle Ages from its 409 settlement to the 12th century.

"(...) Igitur dum inter nos intemptio uertitur ad diuidendum mancipia de parentorum nostrorum Guntine et Rosule de neptos senatoris Siserici et Esmorice et de suos iermanos. Ideo que euenit in portione de filios Gunterodis, id est: Argiuitus, Gentibus, Tratiuigia, Recedrudi, Gaudiosus, Tequelo, Iulia, filios Stanildi, Sitiuidis, Gluscudilum, Framildi, Ruderigus, Sonobrida, Sabarigis, Argeleuba, Ostosia, Guntedrudia, Uitiza et Leuba, Guntildi, Iulia, Ragesindus, Sanildi cum sua filia Ermegundia, Seniorina, Uisteuerga, Sisulfus, Branderigus, Astruildi (...)"

Germanic and Latin names in a 10th-century Galician document.[194]

Germanic names

Main article: Germanic name
Old manuscript
Germanic personal names in a 961 Galician document: Mirellus, Viliefredus, Sedeges, Evenandus, Adolinus, Sedoni, Victimirus, Ermoygus and others, with some Latin and Christian names

Germanic names were the most common personal names in Portugal-Galicia (Gallaecia) during the early and high Middle Ages, surpassing Christian and Roman names in number and popularity.[195] The names, primarily of East Germanic origin, were used by the Suebi, Goths, Vandals and Burgundians. With the names, the Galicians-Portuguese inherited the Germanic onomastic system; a person used one name (sometimes a nickname or alias), with no surname, occasionally adding a patronymic. More than 1,000 such names have been preserved in local records.[196] and in local toponyms.[197]

Many of the Germanic names were composite, with the second element usually a noun with the same gender of the bearer. Others were hypocorisms formed from a composite name or deriving from it.[198] Less frequently, a name was a noun or an adjective.

These names were transmitted to the Suevi with the usual Germanic rules of inheritance,[199] which were variations (passing one element of the name; Rechiar was the son of Rechila, who was the son of Hermeric) and alliteration (names beginning with the same sound; Maldras was the son of the nobleman Masila). Full names were later transmitted from grandfather to grandson (commemoration), following a trend common until the present in most of western Europe.

Adaptations

In addition to the conversion of many Germanic endings into Romance or Latin endings, the names had phonetic adaptations[200] such as the change of word stress from the first to the penultimate syllable, the conversion of most [þ] into [t] or [d] and the conversion of [h] into [k] before a consonant. [W] was initially preserved, although noted as [u] or [oy] before becoming [gw] (or, less commonly, [b]). These early inherited names underwent Western Romance and Galician changes from Latin, such as consonant lenition and palatalization. This contributed to a large number of variants in recorded names; Ostrofredus was recorded in Portugal-Galicia as Ortofredus, Ostofredo, Ostouredus, Ostrofedone, Stobredo and Strofredo.[201]

Names used by the Suevi

The following names, used by the Suevi of Gallaecia during the fifth and sixth centuries, were recorded in chronicles, inscriptions and acts of local ecclesiastical councils: Hermericus, Heremigarius, Rechila, Rechiarius, Agriulfum, Maldras, Massila, Framta, Frumarius, Rechimundus, Remismundus, Veremundus, Chararici, Ariamirus, Ildericus, Theudomirus, Miro, Nitigisius, Uittimer, Anila, Remisol, Adoric, Eboricus, Siseguntia f, Audeca, Malaricus, Pantardus, Neufila, Hildemirus, Commundus, Ermaricus, Sunila, Becilla, Gardingus, Argiovitus, Gomedei, Rodomiro, Ermengontia f, Remisiwera f, Thuresmuda f, Suinthiliuba f.

Many of the names, used by kings such as Miro, Reckila and Theudemirus, were used for local toponyms: Mirón,[202] Requián, Requiás, Requiás and Receá,[203] Tuimil and Toimil.[204]

Roots

The following is a list of the roots used to form Germanic personal names in Galicia-Portugal and northwestern Iberia. Many are related to war, victory, fame, boldness, strength and warlike qualities (bald-, funs-, hild-, gund-, nand-, rod-, seg-, send-), totemic animals (ar-, wulf-, ber-, ebur-) and weapons (brand-, bruni-, rand-, saru-); many others refer to knowledge, love and other peaceful qualities (fred-, leob-, mun-, ragi-, rad-, uin-). Some refer to the condition of ruler or master (fro-, ric-, vald-, Froya, Theodinus, Tructinus, Hendinus). Another group refers to the tribe, nation or country (conia-, fulc-, teod-, leod-, man-, truct-, gavi-, gogi-, kend-), and another appears to refer to Huns (Hun-), Suevi (Sav-), Goths (Gut-), Vandals (Vandal-), Celts (Vala-), Vendians/Slavs (Venet-), Galindians/Balths (Galind-), Franks (Frank-), Saxons (Sax-), Angles (Engl-), Danes (Dan-) and other peoples. Although some elements are identical to others found in Celtic anthroponymy (And-, Dag-, -mar, -riks), others appear to be adaptations of Latin words and names incorporated in the Danube region: Florens, Fortis, Crescens.

Forms marked with an asterisk are unrecorded and hypothetical. PGmc is an abbreviation for Proto-Germanic.

Feminine roots

Elements common as the second syllable of feminine names include:

Suffixes used to derive hypocoristic feminine names include:

Masculine roots

Elements common as the second syllable of masculine names include:

Suffixes used to derive hypocoristic masculine names are:

Superlative and comparative suffixes were also used in forming personal names: -iza: Boniza, Wittiza -istaz: Ariastre, Belestrio, Fromesta, Remestro, Segestro

Other suffixes imply origin or relationship:

Toponyms

Many of these names are also toponyms (towns, parishes, villages, hamlets and fields), usually in the form of a Latin or Germanic genitive of the owner's name and sometimes preceded by the type of property (a Portuguese-Galician word of Latin, Germanic or pre-Latin origin) such as vila (villa, palace, estate), vilar (hamlet) castro (castle), casa (house), porta (pass, ford), agro (field), sa (Germanic sala; hall, house), busto (dairy), cabana (cabin), lama (pastures), fonte (well, spring), pena (fort), pomar (orchard) and vale (valley). This kind of name is present all over Northern Portugal:

b) Sigefredo (Siegfried = victorious peace), Gondomar (the first element means «sword»), Arganil (from hargis, army), Adães e Adufe (from hathus = fight); hildis (= fight) and Tagilde, etc.; Tresmonde, Trasmil, etc. from thras (= dispute); for Ermesinde and Esposende comes sinths (= military expedition). Also citing Antenor Nascentes pg. XXI of his "Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa":

Several thousand such toponyms are known in northern and central Portugal, Galicia, western Asturias and other territories which were part of the Suebi kingdom.

Notes

  1. ^ "ASPECTOS DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DO LÉXICO PORTUGUÊS". filologia.org.br.
  2. ^ "Consulte o significado / definição de manteiga no Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, o dicionário online de português contemporâneo". Priberam.pt. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  3. ^ BDELC 1967.
  4. ^ Trumper 2004, p. 4, footnote 13.
  5. ^ a b Mike Campbell (2017-07-02). "Vasco". Behind the name. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  6. ^ Mike Campbell (2018-02-12). "Xavier". Behind the name. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  7. ^ Omaechevarria 1949.
  8. ^ "List" (PDF). academiagalega.org. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
  9. ^ Durão, Carlos (2015). Vocabulário ortográfico da Galiza. Academia Galega da Língua Portuguesa. ISBN 978-84-944990-0-5. OCLC 952984613.
  10. ^ Gamito, Teresa (10 September 2005). "The Celts in Portugal". E-Keltoi. 6 (1).
  11. ^ [Filppula, Markku, and Juhani Klemola. “Celtic Influences in English: A Re-Evaluation.” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, vol. 115, no. 1, 2014, pp. 33–53. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43344757. Accessed 20 Jan. 2024. Filppula, Markku, and Juhani Klemola. “Celtic Influences in English: A Re-Evaluation.” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, vol. 115, no. 1, 2014, pp. 33–53. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43344757. Accessed 20 Jan. 2024.] ((cite web)): Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ^ a b Teixeira, Madalena Teles de Vasconcelos Dias (2 June 2009). "Os estrangeirismos no léxico português: uma perspectiva diacrónica". Filologia e Linguística Portuguesa. 10–11: 81. doi:10.11606/issn.2176-9419.v0i10-11p81-100. hdl:10400.15/691.
  13. ^ Carvalho, Manuel José Gonçalves de (1999). Povoamento e vida material no concelho de Aveiro: apontamentos para um estudo histórico-toponímico (Thesis). hdl:10773/26209.
  14. ^ Prósper (2002) p. 376.
  15. ^ a b "Arouca | Definição ou significado de Arouca no Dicionário Infopédia de Toponímia". Infopédia - Dicionários Porto Editora.
  16. ^ Delamarre, Xavier [in French] (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic]. Vol. (Collection des Hespérides, 9), 3rd edition, Éditions Errance. Errance. page boudi- of 83-84. ISBN 978-2877722377.
  17. ^ a b Moralejo Álvarez, Juan José (2008). Callaica nomina: estudios de onomástica gallega (PDF). Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza. ISBN 978-84-95892-68-3. OCLC 433621571. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2020-11-22.[page needed]
  18. ^ Caridad Arias, Joaquín (2004). Los fenómenos de homonimia y homofonía en la toponomástica y su repercusión en las etimologías cultistas y populares de la Europa Occidental (Thesis). hdl:915/9915.
  19. ^ a b c "Trees in Portuguese Toponimy".
  20. ^ 2009, p. s.v. kʷol-u-..
  21. ^ "Coimbra | Definição ou significado de Coimbra no Dicionário Infopédia de Toponímia". Infopédia - Dicionários Porto Editora.
  22. ^ "lingua celta Archivos - An Síol Brigh: A Galicia enxebre". Progael.com. Archived from the original on 2018-08-31. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  23. ^ "Coruche | Definição ou significado de Coruche no Dicionário Infopédia de Toponímia".
  24. ^ https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joao-Pinho-5/publication/336837081_As_arvores_na_toponimia_portuguesa_Trees_in_Portuguese_toponymy/links/5db58d75a6fdccc99da4774c/As-arvores-na-toponimia-portuguesa-Trees-in-Portuguese-toponymy.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  25. ^ "Meaning, origin and history of the name Artur".
  26. ^ "User-submitted name Brandão - Behind the Name".
  27. ^ "Meaning, origin and history of the name Brennus".
  28. ^ "Meaning, origin and history of the name Bridget".
  29. ^ "Meaning, origin and history of the name Drust".
  30. ^ "Meaning, origin and history of the name Viriato".
  31. ^ a b Ward A. (1996), s.v.
  32. ^ a b Matasović 2009, s.v.
  33. ^ cf. Meyer-Lübke 294.
  34. ^ "Dicionario-Portada - Real Academia Galega". academia.gal. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
  35. ^ a b c "s.v. *baccos". 2010-07-21. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Matasović 2008, [page needed].
  37. ^ a b Ward 1996, s.v. BECLOS.
  38. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1013.
  39. ^ a b Gonzalo Navaza (2006). Fitotoponimia Galḣega. A Coruña: Fundación Barrié. pp. 168–170. ISBN 978-8495892539.
  40. ^ a b Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1991–1997). "carquesa". Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico. Madrid: Gredos.
  41. ^ Meyer-Lübke, s.v. 1830.
  42. ^ a b Ballester & Quinn 2002.
  43. ^ cf. Varela Sieiro (2008, pp. 205–206)
  44. ^ a b Ward 1996, s.v. LĀGENĀ.
  45. ^ Matasović 2008, s.v. Lîwank.
  46. ^ Halliwell-Phillipps, James Orchard (1861). Rambles in Western Cornwall by the Footsteps of the Giants: With Notes on the Celtic Remains of the Land's End District and the Islands of Scilly. London: J. R. Smith. p. 203. OCLC 1181567664.
  47. ^ a b c d e Ward 1996, s.v..
  48. ^ a b Matasović 2008, s.v. frikā.
  49. ^ a b Ward 1996, s.v. RIKS.
  50. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 7299.
  51. ^ Coromines 1997, s.v. serna.
  52. ^ Matasović 2008, s.v. *aro-.
  53. ^ a b "s.v. 4307". Encyclopedie.arbre-celtique.com. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  54. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 9166.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Mariño Paz 1998.
  56. ^ Prósper (2002) p. 90.
  57. ^ a b Matasović 2009, s.v..
  58. ^ "Palaeohispanica 10 (2010), pp. 99-111" (PDF).
  59. ^ Grzega 2001: 50.
  60. ^ a b c d e f g h English (2018-06-06). "Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-Names (Introduction and Elements) (Falileyev, 2007) | Celts | Map". Scribd.com. Retrieved 2019-06-03.
  61. ^ Salgado, Benigno Fernández (2004). Dicionario Galaxia de usos e dificultades da lingua galega. Editorial Galaxia. ISBN 978-84-8288-752-4.
  62. ^ "Définition Arpent - C'est quoi ou que veut dire Arpent ?". dicocitations.lemonde.fr.
  63. ^ DCECH 1992, s.v. BROLLAR.
  64. ^ Rivas Quintas 1991, p. 17.
  65. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ward 1996.
  66. ^ cf. Meyer-Lübke (1911, s.v. 294)
  67. ^ Ménage, Gilles (1750). Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue françoise par M. Ménage, avec les Origines françoises de M. de Caseneuve, les Additions du R. P. Jacob et de M. Simon de Valhébert, le Discours du R. P. Besnier sur la science des étymologies et le Vocabulaire hagiologique de M. l'abbé Chastelain... le tout mis en ordre, corrigé et augmenté par A. F. Jault,... auquel on a ajouté le Dictionnaire des termes du vieux françois, ou Trésor des recherches et antiquités gauloises et françoises de Borel, augmenté des mots qui y étaient oubliés, extraits des dictionnaires de Monet et Nicot,... Libr. Briasson.
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  74. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1235.
  75. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1252.
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  79. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1542.
  80. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke 2387
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  90. ^ DCECH s.v. centollo
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  92. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1988.
  93. ^ Donkin 1864, s.v..
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  98. ^ Prósper 2002, p. 242.
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  110. ^ Búa 2007, p. 34.
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  136. ^ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 8585.
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  194. ^ In Colección Diplomática de Galicia Histórica. Santiago (1901), p. 225-226.
  195. ^ Boullón Agrelo (1999) p. 81-83.
  196. ^ Cf. Boullón Agrelo (1999) p. 98-101.
  197. ^ A few thousand Galician and Portuguese toponyms derive from the genitive form of a Germanic anthroponym. Cf. Sachs (1932).
  198. ^ Cf. Searle (1897). p. xii-xiv.
  199. ^ Flom, George T. (1917). "Alliteration and Variation in Old Germanic Name-Giving". Modern Language Notes. 32 (1): 7–17. doi:10.2307/2915654. hdl:2027/uiuo.ark:/13960/t1xd76f4g. JSTOR 2915654. S2CID 166110632.
  200. ^ Cf. Sachs (1932) p. 14-23.
  201. ^ Cf. Boullón Agrelo (1999) p. 342; and Rivas Quintas (1991) p. 242.
  202. ^ Piel (1937) p. 48.
  203. ^ Piel (1939) p. 79.
  204. ^ Sachs (1932) p. 95-96.
  205. ^ For this and other Proto-Germanic reconstructions: V. Orel (2003) A Handbook of Germanic Etymology; and G. Köbler (2007) Germanisches Wörterbuch.
  206. ^ Boullón Agrelo (1999) s.v. Ganildi.
  207. ^ Piel (1933) p. 225.
  208. ^ Sachs (1932) p. 40-41.
  209. ^ Moralejo Laso, Abelardo (1977). Sobre grafía y pronunciación de los topónimos gallegos (Thesis). hdl:10347/3119.
  210. ^ a b c Azevedo, Maria Luísa Seabra Marques de (9 March 2006). Toponímia moçárabe no antigo Condado Conimbricense (Thesis). hdl:10316/716.
  211. ^ Sachs (1932) p. 58.
  212. ^ Sachs (1932) p. 60-61.
  213. ^ Sachs (1932) p. 59-61.
  214. ^ "Sobre o antropónimo Vímara".
  215. ^ "CVC. Rinconete. Lengua. Tópica. Galicia y sus topónimos (II), por Jairo J. García Sánchez".
  216. ^ Sachs (1932) p. 78.
  217. ^ a b Lima, Adriana Tavares (11 December 2012). De Bracara Augusta a Braga: análise toponímica de um concelho português (Thesis). doi:10.11606/D.8.2012.tde-01032013-125451.

Literature

Proto-Germanic reconstruction

Germanic personal names

Galician-Portuguese Medieval onomastics

Germanic toponymy in Galicia and Portugal

Forenames

Surnames

Arabic

Between the 8th and mid 13th centuries, Portugal was occupied and under the influence of the Islamic Emirate of Cordoba known as (Al-Andalus). During that period, although the local populations continued to speak Western Romance, and further south Mozarabic dialects; Arabic being the elite language, lent many new words to Portuguese, thanks to a rich cultural and scientific legacy left in the Iberian Peninsula[4] and the Western world in the Middle Ages.

List of Portuguese words of Arabic origin

Influences from outside Europe

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See also

References

  1. ^ Dictionary of American Family Names, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-508137-4
  2. ^ "Apelido Araújo Toponímia, Etimoloxía, Heráldica e Distribución do Apelido Araújo en Apelidos de Galicia". Apelidosgalicia.org. 11 May 2009. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  3. ^ "DWDS – Keller". Dwds.de. 2005-10-15. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  4. ^ "The Legacy of Al-Andalus: Muslim Spain". Hispanicmuslims.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-16. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  5. ^ FERREIRA, A. B. H. Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa. 2ª edição. Rio de Janeiro. Nova Fronteira. 1986. p. 96,95.

Sources

External links

Categories