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Proto-Gnosticism or pre-Gnosticism refers to movements similar to Gnosticism in the first few centuries of Christianity. Proto-Gnostics did not have the same full fledged theology of the later Gnostics but prefigured some of their views.[1][2] There is however some debate regarding the existence of proto-Gnosticism in the first century.[3]

New Testament

Some believe that the opponents mentioned in 1 John, Jude and 1-2 Corinthians are proto-Gnostics or partly proto-Gnostic.[4][5][6] According to some the Corinthian church that was criticized by Paul the Apostle and which existed in the time of Paul included proto-Gnostic beliefs.[6]

Possible identifications with proto-Gnosticism

References

  1. ^ Streett, Daniel R. (2011). They Went Out from Us: The Identity of the Opponents in First John. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-024770-1.
  2. ^ Segal, Alan (2010). Life After Death: A History of the Afterlife in Western Religion. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-87473-3.
  3. ^ Chester, Stephen J. (2005). Conversion at Corinth: Perspectives on Conversion in Paul's Theology and the Corinthian Church. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-567-04053-4.
  4. ^ Jensen, Matthew D. (2012). Affirming the Resurrection of the Incarnate Christ: A Reading of 1 John. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-56119-8.
  5. ^ Philliber, Michael (2011). Gnostic Trends in the Local Church: The Bull in Christ's China Shop. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61097-414-1.
  6. ^ a b Ooi, Samuel Hio-Kee (2015). A Double Vision Hermeneutic: Interpreting a Chinese Pastor's Intersubjective Experience of 'Shi' Engaging 'Yizhuan' and Pauline Texts. ISD LLC. ISBN 978-0-227-90292-9.
  7. ^ "Minor Sects". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
  8. ^ Stuckenbruck, Loren T.; Gurtner, Daniel M. (2019). T&T Clark Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism Volume Two. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-567-66095-4.
  9. ^ Hastings, James (1957). Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Scribner.
  10. ^ Runia, Douwe (David) (1993). Jewish Traditions in Early Christian Literature, Volume 3 Philo in Early Christian Literature: A survey. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-27516-4.
  11. ^ Gerlach, Karl (1998). The Antenicene Pascha: A Rhetorical History. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-429-0570-2.
  12. ^ Martyn, J. Louis (2005). Theological Issues in the Letters of Paul. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-567-03031-3.
  13. ^ Denzer, Pam. "Odes of Solomon: Early Hymns of the Jewish Christian Mystical Tradition".
  14. ^ White, James R. (1998). Mary--Another Redeemer?. Baker Books. ISBN 978-1-4412-1399-0.
  15. ^ Charlesworth, James H. (1998). Critical Reflections on the Odes of Solomon. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-85075-660-6.
  16. ^ Helmbold, Andrew K. (1972). "Gnostic Elements in the 'Ascension of Isaiah'". New Testament Studies. 18 (2): 222–227. doi:10.1017/S0028688500012820. ISSN 1469-8145. S2CID 171025228.
  17. ^ Hogeterp, Albert (2010). Expectations of the End: A Comparative Traditio-Historical Study of Eschatological, Apocalyptic and Messianic Ideas in the Dead Sea Scrolls and the New Testament. Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2509-0.
  18. ^ Smith, Andrew Phillip (2014). A Dictionary of Gnosticism. Quest Books. ISBN 978-0-8356-3097-9.
  19. ^ Charlesworth, James H. (2010). The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59856-491-4.
  20. ^ Komoszewski, J. Ed; Sawyer, M. James; Wallace, Daniel B. (2006). Reinventing Jesus: How Contemporary Skeptics Miss the Real Jesus and Mislead Popular Culture. Kregel Publications. ISBN 978-0-8254-9756-8.
  21. ^ McLean, B. H. (2014). Hellenistic and Biblical Greek: A Graduated Reader. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02558-5.
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