Pyridoxine
Pyridoxine
Clinical data
Other namesvitamin B6, pyridoxol[1] pyridoxine hydrochloride
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		By mouth, intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
  • 4,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol
CAS Number
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.000.548 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC8H11NO3
Molar mass169.180 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point159 to 162 °C (318 to 324 °F)
  • OCc1cnc(C)c(O)c1CO
  • InChI=1S/C8H11NO3/c1-5-8(12)7(4-11)6(3-10)2-9-5/h2,10-12H,3-4H2,1H3 checkY
  • Key:LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Pyridoxine, is a form of vitamin B6 found commonly in food and used as a dietary supplement. As a supplement it is used to treat and prevent pyridoxine deficiency, sideroblastic anaemia, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, certain metabolic disorders, side effects or complications of isoniazid use, and certain types of mushroom poisoning.[4] It is used by mouth or by injection.[4]

It is usually well tolerated.[4] Occasionally side effects include headache, numbness, and sleepiness.[4] Normal doses are safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding.[4] Pyridoxine is in the vitamin B family of vitamins.[4] It is required by the body to metabolise amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.[4] Sources in the diet include fruit, vegetables, and grain.[5]

Medical uses

As a treatment (oral or injection), it is used to treat or prevent pyridoxine deficiency, sideroblastic anaemia, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, certain metabolic disorders, side effects of isoniazid treatment and certain types of mushroom poisoning.[4] Isoniazid is an antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis. Common side effect include numbness in the hands and feet.[6] Co-treatment with vitamin B6 alleviates the numbness.[7] Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy is a type of rare infant epilepsy that does not improve with typical anti-seizure medications.[8]

Pyridoxine in combination with doxylamine is used as a treatment for morning sickness in pregnant women.[9]

Side effects

It is usually well tolerated, though overdose toxicity is possible.[4] Occasionally side effects include headache, numbness, and sleepiness.[4] Pyridoxine overdose can cause a peripheral sensory neuropathy characterized by poor coordination, numbness, and decreased sensation to touch, temperature, and vibration.[10] Healthy human blood levels of pyridoxine are 2.1–21.7 ng/mL. Normal doses are safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding.[4]

Mechanism

Pyridoxine is in the vitamin B family of vitamins.[4] It is required by the body to make amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.[4] Sources in the diet include fruit, vegetables, and grain.[5] It is also required for muscle phosphorylase activity associated with glycogen metabolism.

History

Pyridoxine was discovered in 1934, isolated in 1938, and first made in 1939.[11][12] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[13] Pyridoxine is available both as a generic medication and over the counter product.[4] Foods, such as breakfast cereal have pyridoxine added in some countries.[5]

References

  1. ^ Dryhurst G (2012). "Electrochemistry of Biologically Important Pyridines". Electrochemistry of Biological Molecules. Elsevier. p. 562. ISBN 9780323144520. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016.
  2. ^ "Pyridoxine Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 27 April 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  3. ^ "Pyridoxine 50mg Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 27 April 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Pyridoxine Hydrochloride". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  5. ^ a b c "Office of Dietary Supplements - Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin B6". ods.od.nih.gov. 11 February 2016. Archived from the original on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  6. ^ "Isoniazid". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  7. ^ Lheureux P, Penaloza A, Gris M (April 2005). "Pyridoxine in clinical toxicology: a review". European Journal of Emergency Medicine. 12 (2): 78–85. doi:10.1097/00063110-200504000-00007. PMID 15756083. S2CID 39197646.
  8. ^ Abend NS, Loddenkemper T (July 2014). "Management of pediatric status epilepticus". Current Treatment Options in Neurology. 16 (7): 301. doi:10.1007/s11940-014-0301-x. PMC 4110742. PMID 24909106.
  9. ^ Anh NH, Kim SJ, Long NP, Min JE, Yoon YC, Lee EG, et al. (January 2020). "Ginger on Human Health: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of 109 Randomized Controlled Trials". Nutrients. 12 (1): 157. doi:10.3390/nu12010157. PMC 7019938. PMID 31935866.
  10. ^ "Pyridoxine deficiency and toxicity". MedLink Neurology. www.medlink.com. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  11. ^ Squires VR (2011). The Role of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Human Nutrition - Volume IV. EOLSS Publications. p. 121. ISBN 9781848261952.
  12. ^ Harris H (2012). Advances in Human Genetics 6. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 39. ISBN 9781461582649.
  13. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

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