Riazuddin
Dr. Riazuddin (1930-)
Born	(1930-11-10) 10 November 1930 (age 93) Ludhiana, State of Uttar Pradesh British Indian Empire, Present-day Republic of India
Nationality	Pakistani
Citizenship	Pakistan
Alma mater	Punjab University Cambridge University
Known for	Pakistan's Atomic Program Riazuddin's Seesaw Model[1] String theory Quantum gravity Riazuuddin Weak Interaction Model Riazuddin's SU(3) symmetry for light neutrinos[2] Atomic bomb development Work on Neutrino Physics Differential calculus and Differential algebra
Awards	UNESCO Science Prize in Physics (2000) Khwarizmi International Award (2000) COMSTECH Prize in Physics (2000) Sitara-i-Imtiaz (1999) Nishan-e-Imtiaz (1998) Tamgha-i-Imtiaz (1990) Hilal-i-Imtiaz (1980, 1999)
Scientific career
Fields	Theoretical Physics
Institutions	Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) Daresbury Laboratory Quaid-e-Azam University Punjab University King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals University of Iowa Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University University of Rochester University of Maryland National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS)
Doctoral advisor	Abdus Salam
Doctoral students	Ahmed Ali Almas Khan M. Jalim Aslam Lisa Everett Magda Lola
Other notable students	Masud Ahmad
Notes
Brother of a theoretical physicist dr. Fayyazuddin.

Dr. Prof. Riazuddin or (Riaz Uddin) (Urdu: رياض الدين) (born 10 November 1930), is a renowned and prominent Pakistani theoretical physicist and an eminent scientist, specializing in high energy physics and nuclear physics. Dr. Riazuddin is considered one of the top theoretical physicists in Pakistan. Dr. Riazuddin is also considered one of the pioneers of Pakistan's nuclear weapons research programme. Riazuddin is also a pupil student of Nobel laureate in Physics Professor Abdus Salam (late).

He has worked for the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and Daresbury Laboratory. Riazuddin also played an important role in education in Pakistan. Riazuddin is an author of 13 scientific books on different topics of Physics including Particle Physics, Quantum Mechanics and need of contemporary Physics. Riazuddin made original research contributions of high international standard in theoretical physics and also has contributed to science development in Pakistan. Recently, he joined National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) as a visiting professor of the theoretical physics. He is also serving as a Board of Governors of Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences since 2004.

A prominent and one of the noted theoretical physicists in Pakistan, Professor Riazuddin is widely credited as one of the early pioneers of Pakistan's nuclear weapons program where he, along with his mentor and father-like teacher, Dr. Abdus Salam, had formed "Theoretical Physics Group" at PAEC. As a member of Theoretical Physics Group of PAEC, he is given credit of designing the theoretical and mathematical design of Pakistan's nuclear weapons. That is why he is called as "Edward Teller of Pakistan" even though he did not care for the title.

Riazuddin was born in Ludhiana in British Punjab of British Indian Empire in 1930 to a respected middle class family. After the partition, the family migrated to Pakistan in 1947 and settled in Lahore, West-Pakistan. At age 17, Riazuddin attended Punjab University, and took his B.Sc. in Mathematics with Honors under the contemporary supervision of Dr. Abdus Salam in 1951.^[3] Riazuddin is the only student who has privileged to study Physics and Mathematics under the watchful supervision of Professor Abdus Salam at the Undergraduate level in Punjab University and at the Postgraduate level at the Cambridge University.^[4] As student of mathematics, he studied the advanced course on Quantum Mechanics under Abdus Salam, as he had made the course of quantum mechanics outside the regular curriculum.^[5] In 1951, Salam funded his scholarship, and helped him admitted at the graduate school of the Punjab University. In 1953, Abdus Salam supervised his M.Sc. in Applied Mathematics where his master's dissertation dealt with fundamental concepts of Mathematical physics.^[5][3] By the time, he published his thesis in 1953, it had gained him a national reputation and received a Gold medal from the Punjab University for the post-graduate contributions to physics and mathematics.^[6]

With the help of Abdus Salam, Riazuddin went to the United Kingdom on a scholarship under the auspices of Abdus Salam, and attended Cambridge University. At Cambridge, he was awarded his PhD in Theoretical physics under the watchful supervision of Dr. Abdus Salam in 1959.^[4] Riazuddin's dissertation were written on "Charge Radius of Pion" where he had also covered a vast amount of study to the field of Quantum Theory.^[7] Riazuddin came back to Pakistan where he joined his Alma mater as an Associate professor. In 1968, Riazuddin was awarded the Gold Medal in Physical Sciences for scientists under 40 years of age by the Pakistan Academy of Sciences.^[6]

After his doctorate in 1959 Riazuddin returned to Pakistan to visit his family. In 1959, he joined Punjab University as an associate professor.^[6] In 1963, Riazuddin traveled to United States in a fellowship awarded by his physicist friends Norman March and Michael Duff.^[3] At United States, he became a research associate professor at University of Rochester where he stayed until 1965.^[3] The same year, he joined University of Pennsylvania where he taught physics until 1966.^[3] Later, he went to Chicago, Illinois where he joined his brother Fayyazuddin, and theoretical physics Faheem Hussain and Peter Rottoli. Riazuddin joined University of Chicago's Enrico Fermi Institute where they created "Relativity Group".^[8] However in 1968, Riazuddin returned to Pakistan on the request of Abdus Salam, and joined Quaid-i-Azam University's Institute of Physics.^[9] He was the founding director of Institute of Physics (IP) he engaged the research on string theory, theory of relativity, particle physics and nuclear physics.^[8][9] Later, the scientists of Relativity Group at Enrico Fermi Institute returned to Pakistan on the request of Abdus Salam.^[9] In 1970, he again went to United States where he became professor at the University of Maryland.^[6] Riazuddin left United States for Italy as he was asked by Salam to join International Centre for Theoretical Physics in 1970.^[6] He was joined by other Salam's student where they created Theoretical Physics Group at the ICTP. In 1971, Riazuddin traveled to United Kingdom to join Daresbury Nuclear Physics Laboratory where he was joined by Michael Duff.^[6] At Daresbury, he became senior research associate at ALICE and EMMA— both electron accelerators.^[6] There, Riazuddin gained expertise and specialized in nuclear physics.^[6] At the Laboratory, he was among one of the respected and well-known senior research scientists, where he also trained British scientists in the field of nuclear physics.^[6]

In 1981, he became visiting professor of University of Iowa and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.^[3] In 1982, Riazuddin came back to Pakistan where he joined Quaid-e-Azam University as a professor of theoretical physics.^[3] In 1982, Riazuddin also went to Saudia Arabia where he joined King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. In 1983, Riazuddin, along with Asghar Qadir, went to Trieste, Italy, to join International Centre for Theoretical Physics. Both scientists joined Abdus Salam where they had continued research in their respected fields under Salam. In 1998, Riazuddin left King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals and came back to Pakistan to rejoin PAEC.^[6]

Riazuddin made important contributions in physics, and he either pioneered or associated with all aspects of the field. In 1959, Riazuddin was the first one to use the dispersion relation for Compton scattering of virtual photons on pions to analyze their charge radius.^[10] For this contributions, he was awarded the doctorate in physics (theoretical) by the Cambridge University. He seldom published papers, preferring long correspondences with his brother Fayyazuddin, mentor Abdus Salam, and colleagues such as Asghar Qadir, Michael Duff, and Masud Ahmad with whom he had extremely close friendships. During 1960s, he associated himself with complex mathematical applications of nuclear physics. In 1960, Riazuddin used Nucleon-nucleon dispersion relation to discriminate proton-proton scattering in Pseudoscalar meson.^[11] In 1965, Riazuddin carried out the pioneering work on Vector current, in which, he showed the discrepancy between μ-decay and the constant gravity, and the strong interaction renormalization of the β-decay.^[12]

The same year, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, partnered with Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, sponsored a research to Riazuddin. Along with Munir Ahmad Rashid and Fayyazuddin, Riazuddin realized that the physical baryons are considered in Special unitary group, Symmetric group and the Tensor product.^[13] The papers of such knowledge were submitted at the United States Atomic Energy Commission, due to its sensitive applications. In 1967, at the Fermi Institute, Riazuddin, with his brother Fayyazuddin, carried out the in field of Current algebra, where they applied the mathematical framework of current algebra in the applications of Radiative decays of mesons.^[14]

In 1982, Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin published a pioneering work on K mesons. Riazuddin postulated that radioactive decay in K mesons are almost vanished up when Chiral symmetry is introduced. After the introduction, the symmetries breaks the Standard Model even when the contribution from penguin diagrams is included.^[15]

From 1972, Riazuddin made pioneering research on neutrinos— an elusive particle postulated by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930. In 1972, Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin were the first one to mathematical frameworks of Current-algebra in neutrino scattering to determine the Scale invariance of Chiral symmetry breaking the Hamiltonian Quantum Mechanics.^[16] In 1987, Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin, theorized that it is possible get light-neutrino masses in the range of a few electron volts by equalizing the masses of superheavy neutrinos in Background independence (universality}.^[17]

During his stay at PAEC, Riazuddin and his physicist brother Fayyazuddin, who is also a distinguished student of Dr. Abdus Salam, were central figures of Pakistan's atomic program during the early and critical years. In December 1972, Riazuddin at ICTP, returned to Pakistan on the request of Dr. Abdus Salam.^[18] Salam asked Riazuddin to report to Munir Ahmad Khan — chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission at that time.^[19] At PAEC, Salam personally assigned Riazuddin to his Theoretical Physics Group (TPG).^[20] The Theoretical Physics Group took research in Fast neutron calculations — how neutrons moved in a nuclear chain reaction — the theory simultaneity — how would fission weapon would detonated from several points at the same point during the detonation process — and hydrodynamics — how the explosion produced by a chain reaction might behave — and what kind of and how much fissile material and reflectors would be use.^[21] Salam had gravitated theoretical physicists who worked under Riazuddin despite his younger age. Riazuddin was among one the scientist that attended the Multan meeting that was managed by Abdus Salam and convened by President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, later elected Prime minister. After the meeting, Salam had took Riazuddin, with Munir Ahmad Khan, to Bhutto's residence in Islamabad where scientists have had brief Bhutto about the development of nuclear weapons programme.^[22]

Although Salam had traveled to United States to evade the 1971 Winter war, and returned to Pakistan with stacks of historical books on Manhattan Project in December 1971.^[23] In December 1973, University of Maryland offered him a fellowship, and on the advice of Salam, Riazuddin went to United States.^[24] There, he became a senior research scientist at the University of Maryland, obtained the open-source information on the "Manhattan Project" from the Library of Congress.^[25] Riazuddin carefully studied American theoretical physicist Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer's approach to developed the first implosion device, and made further advanced on Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit, Oppenheimer-Phillips process, Born–Oppenheimer approximation.

After his return from the United States, Riazuddin was inducted into the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) as member (technical).^[26] In 1974, he began to take research with the TPG, and began one of the pioneering member of the TPG.^[27] In 1973, Raziddin Siddiqui formed the Mathematical Physics Group (MPG) which closely collaborated with Theoretical Physics Group.^[28] Riazuddin called his mathematician friend Asghar Qadir, who specialized in special relativity under Riazuddin and Salam, to join Mathematical Physics Group. Qadir later in his career published a college text book on theory of special relativity. Shortly after the India's surprise nuclear test — Pokhran-I. Munir Ahmad Khan had called for a meeting to initiate the work on atomic bomb.^[29] Riazuddin and Salam had represented the Theoretical Physics Group (TPG), and it was decided to developed the Implosion methods for the first device.^[30] During the meeting, the word "bomb" was never used, instead academic scientists preferred to use the scientific research rationale.^[31] The Theoretical Physics Group began its research and directly reported to Abdus Salam.^[32]

In 1977, both MPG and TPG scientists completed the design of a atomic bomb.^[33] Along with Qadir, Riazuddin continued to developed the theoretical designs of the atomic weapon which was in 1978.^[34] In 1982, the PAEC finally developed the device under the leadership of Munir Ahmad Khan.^[35] The PAEC carried out the first cold-test of the TPG's theoretical designed b May 1983 at the Kirana Hills. The test teams were headed by dr. Ishfaq Ahmad, a nuclear physicist, as Munir Ahmad Khan supervised the testings^[36]

Dr. Riazuddin later disclosed that he worked as part of the team that worked on designs for Pakistan's nuclear explosive device. As he explained:

"We were the designers of the bomb, like the tailor who tells you how much of the material is required to stitch a suit. We had to identify the fissile material, whether to use plutonium or...enriched uranium, which method of detonation, which explosive, which type of tampers and lenses to use, how material will be compressed, how shock waves will be created, what would be the yield." Riazuddin also disclosed that since Pakistan found it difficult to manufacture beryllium reflectors, the first nuclear explosive device designed by the "Theoretical Physics Group" used Uranium-238 as a reflector.^[37]"

^[38]

Riazuddin also worked in a neutron particle accelerator at PAEC. In 2000, Riazuddin retired from PAEC as a chief scientist. In the same year, he was elected as Fellow of the Third World Academy of Sciences and Fellow of the Islamic Academy of Sciences. Riazuddin is also a visiting scientist at CERN.

Riazuddin is an internationally known theoretical physicist. He has made contributions in CERN's LHC. At CERN, he is a widely respected theoretician. Riazuddin is the recipient of Pakistan's highest civil awards: Tamgha-i-Imtiaz, Sitara-i-Imtiaz, Hilal-i-Imtiaz. He is one of the Pakistani scientists who were very close to Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Dr. Abdus Salam. At PAEC, Riazuddin has closely worked with another noted Pakistani theoretical physicist Dr. Raziuddin Siddiqui (late). Currently, he is working as a professor of theoretical physics and neutrino physics at the National University of Sciences and Technology, in Islamabad.

He has also been the director of the Riazuddin National Center for Physics, also at Quaid-e-Azam University. He is most famous for his TPG Group where Riazuddin and his team of theoretical physicists are widely credited to have developed and designed Pakistan's nuclear weapon devices theoretically. Due to his contributions to his nation's nuclear program, Riazuddin is a respected scientist in his country.

On 26 April 2009, a day-long conference was held in Islamabad to pay tribute to an eminent research scientist and theoretical physicist, Dr. Riazuddin. The conference was organized by National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) and Riazuddin National Centre for Physics (RNCP). In the conference, Dr. Masud Ahmad, who is also the student of his, said:

"Prof. Riaz always put in his best efforts to obtain original results while working on various issues related to science and technology".

NUST Rector and a famous Pakistani aerospace engineer, Air Commodore Muhammad Asghar heavily paid tributes to him and said:

"Prof. Riazuddin has a very strong and professional background in the field of Physics. He achieved many distinctions and awards from national as well as international institutes, which includes Tamgha-e-Imtiaz, Sitara-i-Imtiaz and Hilal-e-Imtiaz and awards from UNESCO, Economic Cooperation Organisation and COMSTECH Prize in Physics".

For original and outstanding contributions to theory and phenomenology of strong and electroweak interactions, especially where an interplay of such interactions is involved and for internationalization of physics in Developing Countries.

Riazuddin eulogizing Abdus Salam on his anniversary at International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in 1997.

Although Dr. Salam may not have succeeded in establishing an internationally recognised physics community in Pakistan, he helped convince the Pakistani government to make a series of modest investments in scientific research. As a result, there was a flurry of activity in physics during the 1960s and 1970s that prompted the training of a small group of physicists who were born in Pakistan.

Riazuddin while condoling the death of Prof. Gallieno Denardo at ICTP in 2004.

I have just learned with a great deal of sorrow about the sudden death of Professor Gallieno Denardo. It has made me very sad. I knew Professor Denardo since 1968 when I started visiting ICTP. He was one of the finest human beings I have ever come across and a true friend of Pakistani Physics Community. We will greatly miss him. May his soul rest in peace! Please convey our heartfelt condolences to his family.^[39]

((cquote|It was the idealism of the youth which not only enabled many of us, who could have stayed abroad, to return, but also infused a great enthusiasm to succeed in the pioneering role of establishing a new institution from scratch.^[9]

• H.E.C. Life Time Achievement Award (2009)
• Agha Hasan Abedi Prize for Best Scientist of the Year (2001)
• Albert Einstein World Award of Science (2000)
• UNESCO Science Prize in Physics (2000)
• Khwarizmi International Award (2000)
• COMSTECH Prize in Physics (2000)
• Sitara-i-Imtiaz (1999)
• Hilal-i-Imtiaz (1999)
• Nishan-e-Imtiaz (1998)
• Tamgha-i-Imtiaz (1990)
• Hilal-i-Imtiaz (1980)
• Fellow of the Royal Society (1970)
• Gold Medal in Physical Sciences (1968)

• Fellow of theThird World Academy of Sciences (2000)
• Fellow of the Islamic Academy of Sciences (2000)
• Member of the Pakistan Nuclear Society (1993)
• An elected fellow of American Physical Society (2004).

• Riazuddin National Center for Physics, Quaid-e-Azam University, in Islamabad.

• Theory of Weak Interaction in Particle Physics, John Wiley, New York, 1969. (Written jointly with R. E. Marshak and C. P. Ryan).

• Quantum Mechanics, World Scientific, Singapore, 1990. (Written jointly with Fayyazuddin).

• A Modern Introduction to Particle Physics, World Scientific, Singapore, 1994. (Written jointly with Fayyazuddin).

• Contemporary Physics: Proceedings of the International Symposium (written jointly with Faheem Hussain, Jamil Aslam, Riazuddin

• Physics and contemporary needs. Vol.5 by Riazuddin, Asghar Qadir

• Physics and Contemporary Needs. Written and edited by Riazuddin

• Selected Papers of Abdus Salam, with Commentary by A. Ali, Abdus Salam, Fayyazuddin, Riazuddin.
• Modern Introduction to Particle Physics (vol. 2), by Fayyazuddin and Riazuddin

• Radiative D* decay using vector meson dominance by Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin

• On the gluon dipole penguin contribution to nonleptonic hyperon decays. By Riazuddin and N. Paver

• * Mathematical Physics, jointly written with Faheem Hussain, Riazuddin, Asghar Qadir, Mohammad Jamil Aslam, Hamid Saleem.

• The Role of Great Equations in Life by dr. Riazuddin, Riazuddin National Center of Physics.

• Tribimaximal mixing and leptogenesis in a seesaw model, Riazuddin, Islamabad.

• Dirac equation in (1+2) dimensions for quasi-particles in graphene and quantum field theory of their Coulomb interaction.

Riazuddin, Riazuddin National Center for Physics.

• SU)× U(1) model for electroweak unification and sterile neutrinos. Jointly written with Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin.

• An SU(3) symmetry for light neutrinos, Riazuddin

• Branching Ratio and CP-asymmetry for B→ gamma decays, jointly wrtten with M. Jamil Aslam and Riazuddin

• Neutrino flavor mixing in an SU(3) symmetry for light neutrinos. Published by dr.Riazuddin

• Neutrinos: recent developments and origin of neutrino mass matrix dr. Riazuddin (May 2004)

• Role of Mathematics in Physical Sciences by dr.Riazuddin (February 2004)

• Some comments on narrow resonances. By Fayyazuddin and Riazuddin (September 2003)

• Neutrino Mass Matrix with Approximate Flavor Symmetry by dr. Riazuddin (July 2003)

• Particle Aspects of Cosmology and Baryogenesis by dr. Riazuddin (February 2003)

• Role of lepton flavor violating (LFV) muon decay in Seesaw model and LSND by M. Jamil Aslam and Riazuddin(September 2002)

• Role of gauge invariance in B→v gamma radiative weak decays by dr. Riazuddin (October 2001)

• The ∑ and τ in D and B decays, jointly written by dr. N. Paver and dr. Riazuddin (July 2001)

• Potential Models for Radiative Rare B Decays by dr. Saeed Ahmad and Riazuddin (January 2001)

• Off-diagonal structure of neutrino mass matrix in see-saw mechanism and electron-muon-tau lepton universality by dr. Riazuddin (July 2000)

• Two body non-leptonic $Lambda_b$ decays in quark model with factorization ansatz, published by dr. Fayyazuddin and dr. Riazuddin (February 1998)

• Double Counting Ambiguities in the Linear Sigma Model by A. Bramon, Riazuddin and M. D. Scadron (September 1997)

• Vector Meson Exchanges and CP Asymmetry in by dr. Riazuddin, N. Paver and F. Simeoni

• Theoretical Physics
• Abdus Salam
• Daresbury Nuclear Physics Laobratory
• Charge radius

• Rahman, Shahid (1998). "§Development of Weapons". In Rahman, Shahid (ed.). Long Road to Chagai. Islamabad, Pakistan: Printwise publication. p. 157. ISBN 9698500006. ((cite book)): |editor2-first= missing |editor2-last= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)

• Prof. Riazuddin
• http://www.ias-worldwide.org/profiles/prof89.htm
• http://www.chowk.com/articles/4104
• http://www.ncp.edu.pk/newsletters/Vol1-1/ncpvol1-1_details.htm
• http://www.ncp.edu.pk/docs/iscp/ISCP%20Summary.pdf
• http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=174421
• http://eprintweb.org/S/authors/All/R/R_Riazuddin
• ICTP Page on Dr. Riazuddin
• CERN Page on Dr. Riazuddin
• CERN-Courier Page on Dr. Riazuddin
• Quantum Mechanics, World Scientific, by Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin
• Neutrinos by Riazuddin
• Mathematical Physics by Riazuddin and Faheem Hussain

v t e Project-706
Sites	Ras Koh Hills Chagai District Kala Chitta Range Kirana Hills Kharan Desert Kahuta
Research institutions	Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology Khan Research Laboratories Defence Science and Technology Organization Department of Physics, Quaid-e-Azam University Pakistan Institute of Physics Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission National Centre for Physics
Administrators	Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Zahid Ali Akbar Khan Rahimuddin Khan Ghulam Ishaq Khan Mubashir Hassan
Scientists	Munir Ahmad Khan Abdul Qadeer Khan Abdus Salam Riazuddin Ishfaq Ahmad Muhammad Raziuddin Siddiqui Samar Mubarakmand Iqbal Hussain Qureshi Muneer Ahmad Rashid Masud Ahmad Asghar Qadir Noor Muhammad Butt Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi Władysław Turowicz Ghulam Dastagir Alam
See also: Nuclear power in Pakistan

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