Sir Richard Maitland of Lethington and Thirlstane (1496 – 1 August 1586) was a Senator of the College of Justice, an Ordinary Lord of Session from 1561 until 1584, and notable Scottish poet. He was served heir to his father, Sir William Maitland of Lethington, East Lothian, and Thirlestane, Berwickshire, on 15 October 1515, his father being one of the casualties at the Battle of Flodden. He held the political office of Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland and was also the Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland, from 1563 to 1567, and was succeeded in this post by his son Sir John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane.

He married Mariotta (or Margaret) (d. March 1586), daughter of Sir Thomas Cranstoun of Corsbie, in Berwickshire. They had three sons and four daughters, including

• William Maitland of Lethington, Secretary of State to Mary, Queen of Scots, and
• Sir John Maitland of Thirlestane, Lord Chancellor of Scotland;
• Thomas Maitland;^[1]
• Isabella Maitland, who married Sir James Heriot of Traboun
• Marie (d. January 1596), who married Alexander Lauder of Haltoun (d. 1627).
• Elizabeth, who married William Douglas of Whittinghame.
• Helen Maitland, who married John Cockburn of Clerkington, and was the mother of Richard Cockburn of Clerkington

The Maitland Manuscripts

Two of Maitland's manuscript works survive; both are compilations of the Scots literature of his era. They preserve many of the works of the great makars and a large number of anonymous pieces. The manuscripts also record many of Maitland's own compositions.^[2] Maitland's daughter Marie transcribed his poems as well as her brother John Maitland's and others.^[3]

The Maitland Manuscripts are held by the Pepys Library.