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The presence of a Romani minority in Ukraine was first documented in the early 15th century.[3] The Romani maintained their social organizations and folkways, shunning non-Romani contacts, education and values, often as a reaction to anti-Romani attitudes and persecution. They adopted the language and faith of the dominant society, being Orthodox in most of Ukraine, Catholic in Western Ukraine and Zakarpattia Oblast, and Muslim in Crimea.
The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a parts of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts or daily routines.[10]
More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with Hindi and Punjabi. It shares many phonetic features with Marwari, while its grammar is closest to Bengali.[11]
Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group.[5][6][12]
According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of northern India, traditionally referred to collectively as the Ḍoma, are the likely ancestral populations of modern European Roma.[13]
In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the Indian Minister of External Affairs stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the Government of India to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the Indian diaspora.[14]
2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine
During the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Roma people suffered since the often lack of civil status documentation held off their access to humanitarian assistance.
Several sources report denying refugees access to European countries.[15] EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) called for special attention to Roma seeking sanctuary.[16]
The previous discouragement of the education of Roma girls hit them harder after the war disturbance in the education system.[17] Romani Ukrainians are also fighting Russian soldiers in Liubymivka.[18] Despite being part of a marginalized minority, hundreds of Roma volunteered to fight for the Ukrainian army and were awarded.[19][20]
Census 2001: 47,587 Romani in Ukraine.[1] The estimate of the World Romani Union and the Council of Europe is considerably higher. In 2006 the Romani organizations estimated the number at over 400,000 persons.[2]
Romani are scattered throughout Ukraine, but their largest concentration is in Zakarpattia Oblast. Half live in cities. 35% consider Romani their mother tongue.
Material culture has not differed from the dominant society except in dress. They have a rich folk tradition. Romani themes can be found in Ukrainian literature.
Krimi (Крими), intermingled with Crimean Tatars. Further sub-groups include Audzhi (аюджі), Gurbety (гурбети), Mukani and others. During World War II Nazis killed 800 Krimi Roma in Simferopol. After the Nazi occupation, Stalin ordered all Crimean Tatars and Crimean Romani to be deported to Central Asia as "special settlers" in 1944, further devastating their community.
Gurbeti: The gypsy communities in Crimea in the 19th century were divided by "Yerli" (Yerli) and "Chingene" (Nomad).[22] The Gurbeti (sometimes called Turkmen), lived mainly in the towns and steppe regions.[22] They traded horses and products made out of horse meat (such as the popular chir-chir-byurek).[22] The Krimurja in Crimea incorporated small numbers of Gurbeti through marriage, although in the 19th century they are listed as a separate group of "locals".[23] Their small number likely prevented them from an own community.[23] Their Romani language and nomadic lifestyle determined their separation to the Daifa, and their joining to the Krimurja.[23] In spite of intermarriage between the Gurbeti and Krimurja, a distinct origin is remembered, and an internal separation to some extent has been preserved.[23] Some in Crimea suggest that the "chingene" deny their gypsy origin and declare as Crimean Tatars.[24]
Servitka Roma (Serby, southern and central Ukraine, from Serbia), Servitka live scattered in small groups among representatives of other ethnic groups. They are characterized by living in large cities of Zhytomyr and Chernihiv regions (cities of Chernihiv, Zhytomyr, Korosten, and Malyn).
Lovari (central Ukraine), most representatives of the Lovari group have their compact settlements in Zhytomyr (Bohunia district), Teterivka village of Zhytomyr district and in the city of Malyn.
Kelmysh, In the city of Bila Tserkva lives a group of gypsies-kelmish. In the Cherkasy region, kelmish live not in cities, but in gypsy villages that emerged in the 60s of the XX century. The main region of settlement is the town of Smila and its surroundings.
Gallery
The Romani minority in Zakarpattia Oblast (census 2001)
^ ab[1]: In reality, by the preliminary estimates of communication within our nation, only the East of Ukraine has approximately 150 thousand Romani nationals, and we are sure that the Romani population on the territory of Ukraine reaches more than 400 thousand people.
^Hancock, Ian F. (2005) [2002]. We are the Romani People. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 70. ISBN978-1-902806-19-8: ‘While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European’((cite book)): CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^Hübschmannová, Milena (1995). "Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku". Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury. Brno: Muzeum romské kultury (4/1995). Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.
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