Samar Mubarakmand (Urdu: ثمر مبارک مند) (born September 17, 1942), (NI, HI, SI, Ph.D, FPAS), is a Pakistani nuclear physicist, who served as the founding chairman of National Engineering and Scientific Commission (NESCOM) from 2001 till 2007.^[1] At NESCOM, Mand launched the Missile Integration Programme in 1987 which was successfully in 2005. A pioneer of Fluid and Aerodynamics in Pakistan, Mand earned renowned in May 1998, when he headed the team of scientists which carried out the the country's first and successful nuclear tests — Codename Chagai-I on May 28th and Chagai-II on May 30 — in Balochistan Province of Pakistan.^[2]

Samar Mubarakmand completed his elementary and intermediate education from Lahore, British Punjab. He did his matriculation from St. Anthony's High School in 1956.^[1] He received his B.Sc. in Physics in 1958 and his M.Sc. degree in experimental nuclear physics in 1962, in which he wrote his M.Sc. thesis on "Construction of a gamma-ray spectrometer",both from Government College University, Lahore.^[3] He received his Ph.D. in Nuclear Physics from the University of Oxford in 1966 under the renowed nuclear physicist Dr. D. H. Wilkinson.^[4] In Oxford, he was part of the team that commissioned a 22 million volt atomic accelerator.^[5] After his doctorate, Mand returned to Pakistan where he joined Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission in 1966.

After his doctorate, Mand joined Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC). The following year, he was sent to Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) where he did his post-doctoral research under Naeem Ahmad Khan. In 1972, Mand was assigned to Ishfaq Ahmad's Nuclear Physics Division where he took charge to carry out the calculations in implosion method, and mathematical multiplication involved in nuclear fission.^[6] In 1974, on the advise of Abdus Salam, Ishfaq Ahmad formed the Fast Neutron Physics Group, making Mand as its head. Mand began to calculated the neutron energy's distributive ranges — how much power would be produced by the neutrons — Neutron economy — determining the numbers would produced during the fission process.^[6] Mand then began the work on simultaneity — key calculations involving to investigate detonation of the weapon from several points at the same time. However, the work was passed on to the Theoretical Physics Group under Abdus Salam as it felt that the calculations would be better off as it involved complex mathematical and physics applications of Special and General relativity.^[6] Mand was charged with the test teams, and was made responsible for the countdown for the detonation of the weapon. As team leader, Mand was charged with carrying the measurement and collecting scientific experimented data from the nuclear detonation.^[6]

He only came in limelight when he had led the team of nuclear scientists while testing the nuclear devices in Ras Koh Hills, in 1998. As of today, Mubarakmand is considered the main architect of Pakistan's missile program, which includes systems such as the Babur missile, Shaheen missile series, and the Ghaznavi missile system.^[7]

During the formative years of Pakistan's atomic program, he was the founding director of Fast "Neutron Physics Group" and the "Diagnostics Group" at the PAEC.^[8] He joined the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) in 1962, where he was in charge of one of Diagnostic Group in the Directorate of Technical Development during the late 1970s and 80s.^[9] The DTD was one of the most secretive organizations within Pakistan responsible for all aspects of nuclear weapons development, including development and testing of nuclear weapons. It was only known to a few individuals within Pakistan and perhaps completely unknown to the outside world. The DTD and was set up in 1974 by the Chairman of PAEC Mr. Munir Ahmad Khan. As part of the DTD, Dr. Samar Mubarakmand reportedly supervised several cold tests, beginning in 1983, and also developed a neutron facility for particle accelerator and acceleration of explosion process in a nuclear device. In the 1990s, he served as the Director General of National Defence Complex, another Pakistani organization shrouded in secrecy.^[10] On a day when Mubarakmand was interviewed by Pakistani media host Hamid Mir on his program Capital Talk, Mubarakmand eulogized his memories and said:

I visited Chagai for the first time in 1981… When the tests were conducted, our team went there on 20th May, and on 28th May, in the early morning, the tunnels were plugged and the preparation for the test was complete, and on 28th May, around 3pm, was the time selected for testing. So at that time, at around 2:45pm, some of our guests arrived to witness the tests, and Dr. Qadeer Khan sahib was also one of them… It was the first visit of his life to Chagai. He came at the invitation of the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad, and he arrived 15 minutes prior to the explosions.^[11]

Mubarakmand was appointed the founding Chairman of Pakistan's National Engineering and Scientific Commission (NESCOM) in 2001. NESCOM is believed to be the biggest scientific organization in Pakistan today.

One of his recent landmark achievements is the establishment of Centers of Excellence (COEs) in the fields of Computational Science and Medicine, Control & Instrumentation, Fluid Dynamics & Engineering Design, Hydro Technologies, Wireless communication, and Electronics and Composite Materials. These COEs are fast becoming the hub of advance scientific and medical activity in Pakistan, conducting research in areas such as stem cells, tissue culture technology, and production of cardiac stents.

After his active role in Pakistan's nuclear program, Mubarakmand has been associated with the country's space program where he largely contributed his research in computational fluid dynamics, aerodynamics, and fluid physics. Into Pakistan's scientific circle, he is known as father of Pakistan's missile program where he is reportedly been present at the flight test facilities of Pakistan.^[12] In 1987, Ministry of Defence initiated the Integrated Missile Research and Development Programme, an equivalent program to India's Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP). The MoD initiated the program under the leadership of dr. Samar Mubarakmand and dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan.

In 1995, Mubarakmand became chief project coordinator of Shaheen Strategic Missile Guidance System, and the following year, Mubarakmand was made head of the Integrated Missile Research and Development Programme (IMRDP), . The program, in which, Pakistan's developed its liquid and solid booster based missiles for her nuclear war heads. As the head of the Missile Integration Program, Mubarakmand's team successfully developed the solid booters and solid engine for Shaheen-I. This was later followed by developing the Shaheen-II and Shaheen-III missiles.

Mubarakmand, who has been a chief architect of Pakistan's solid booster, he has been a strong advocate for a Pakistan's space program. As a "Science and Technology" member at the Planning Commission of Pakistan, he has been staunch supporter of rocket science in his country where he led the Shaheen Missile guidance system project. Talking to the media on August 18, 2009, Mubarakmand has Pakistan would launch its own satellite in April 2011 it made some things seem all to obvious to analyst familiar with the subject.^[13]

He described the satellite as being able to monitor agricultural programs, minerals programs and weather conditions and that it was funded by the Pakistani Planning Commission. He went on to say there was enough money’s for both the defense, nuclear and space programs. Whether this will be a less than 100 kg first test satellite or a much heavier satellite remains to be seen.^[14]

Of 2010, currently, Dr. Samarkand Mubarakmand is supervising coal mining practiced on scientific lines, for the Thar Coal Power Project.

Samar Mubarakmand is widely credited with bringing modernization in the design and development of many components and instruments that are the backbone of Pakistan's nuclear and missile technology.^[15] Mubarakmand is a recipient of Pakistan's three highest civilian awards; Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1993), Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1998) and Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2003). In 2000, he was elected Fellow of Pakistan Academy of Sciences. He has always kept a low profile and is often referred to as the "Unsung Hero" of Nuclear Pakistan. Despite keeping away from the public spotlight, Samar Mubarakmand is considered the most influential and eminent Pakistani Nuclear Scientist.

Samar Mubarakmand served as Special Assistant to the Prime Minister on Science & Technology from December 2007 to April 2008, and joined Planning Commission (Pakistan), Government of Pakistan as Member (Science & Technology) on 16-12-2008.

• A Science Oddyssey: Pakistans Nuclear emergence, Dr. Samar Mubarakmand, Dr. Khalil Qureshi, Dr. Masoor Beg, Dr. Masud Ahmad.

• Aspects of a-emission from the bombardment of ⁵⁸Ni with 14.7 MeV neutrons, by Naeem Ahmad Khan, Samar Mubarakmand and Masud Ahmed, journal of Nuclear physics, PINSTECH.
• Cross-section measurements with a neutron generator by Samar Mubarakmand, Masud Ahmad, M. Anwar and M. S. Chaudhry.
• Some characteristic differences between the etch pits due to ⁸⁶Rn and ²³² Th α particles in CA80–15 and LR–115 cellulose nitrate track detectors, by Hameed Ahmad Khan, M. Afzal, P. Chaudhary, Samar Mubarakmand, F. I. Nagi and A.Waheed, journal of Isotopic Radiation, PINSTECH (1977).
• Application of glass solid state nuclear track detectors in the measurement of the ⁺ particle fission cross–section of uranium, by Samar Mubarakmand, K. Rashid, P. Chaudhry and Hameed Ahmad Khan, Methods of Nuclear Instrumentation. (1977)
• Etching of glass solid state nuclear track detectors in aqueous solutions of (⁴NH)²HF, NaOH and KOH, by Hameed Ahmad Khan, R. A. Akbar, A. Waheed , P. Chaudhry and Samar Mubarakmand, journal of Isotopic Radiation, PINSTECH (1978).
• Derivation of a mathematical relationship between the relative movement of point charges and their associated viscosic medium - Dr. Samar Mubarakmand, Fahad Shiftra and Prof. Ian.
• Super critical movement of point charges in a Bose-Einstein condensate-Fahad Shiftra, Prof. Asad Abidi and Dr. Samar Mubarakmand (Turkish journal of physics - May 2005)

• Dr. Nazir Ahmad Award (2007)
• Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2003)
• Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1998)
• Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1992)
• Academic Roll of Honour, Government College, Lahore (1962).

• Fellow of Pakistan Academy of Sciences (2000)
• Fellow of Pakistan Nuclear Society (1995)
• An elected member of Nuclear Society of Pakistan (1994)
• Fellow of the Pakistan Mathematical Society (2007)

• Samar Mubarakmand's response on the day when Pakistan complete its nuclear task of explosion on May 28, 1998.

My eyes were set on the mountain in which the test was to be conducted. I experienced a halt in my heartbeat on seeing nothing happening after 32 seconds. But all of a sudden it was a big jolt! We had triumphed.

^[16]

wherever you go and whatever ends you pursue, you must always fulfill the trust reposed in you by your nation, your parents and your alma mater

• Pakistan and its Nuclear Detterent Program
• Munir Ahmad Khan
• Ishfaq Ahmad
• Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi
• Shaheen (missile)
• Chagai-I
• Chagai-II
• Kirana Hills

• Samar Mubarakmand
• http://www.pakdef.info/nuclear&missile/memorial_munirahmed.html
• http://www.pakdef.info/forum/showthread.php?t=9214%20-%20280k
• http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28142/1/people11_12-99
• http://www.ciitlahore.edu.pk/PL/News/VisitDrSamar110209.html
• http://www.pakdef.info/nuclear&missile/science_odyssey.html

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