Sentinelese
Total population
15[1]–500[2]
Regions with significant populations
North Sentinel Island
Languages
Sentinelese (presumed)
Related ethnic groups
Perhaps Jarawa or Onge
North Sentinel Island is located in India
North Sentinel Island
North Sentinel Island
North Sentinel Island (India)
North Sentinel Island is located in Andaman and Nicobar Islands
North Sentinel Island
North Sentinel Island
North Sentinel Island (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)

The Sentinelese, also known as the Sentineli and the North Sentinel Islanders, are an indigenous people who inhabit North Sentinel Island in the Bay of Bengal in India.[3][4] Designated as a Scheduled Tribe[5] and belonging to the broader class of Andamanese people, they are considered to be one of the world's last uncontacted people.[6]

Unlike other tribes in the Andamanese Islands, the Sentinelese appear to have consistently refused any interaction with the outside world. The Sentinelese are hostile to outsiders and have killed people who approached or landed on the island.[7][8] In 1956, the Government of India declared North Sentinel Island a tribal reserve and imposed an express prohibition against anyone travelling within 3 miles (4.8 km) of the island.[6][9][10][11]

There is significant uncertainty as to the group's size, with estimates between 40 and 500 individuals.[12][4][13][6]

Aerial photograph of North Sentinel Island

Overview

Population

The population has been estimated at 15 to 500 individuals, with most estimates between 50 and 200.[14][15] In 2001, the Census of India officially recorded 21 men and 18 women.[16] This survey was conducted from a distance and may not have been accurate.[17] Ten years later, the 2011 Census of India recorded 12 males and 3 females.[18] That too was merely an estimate, described as a "wild guess" by the Times of India.[19]

A 2014 circumnavigation recorded six female, seven male (all of whom appeared to be below 40) and three children below 4 years of age.

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami uplifted their island by about 1.5 meters and exposed the surrounding coral reefs to air, thus leading to the destruction of the shallow lagoons, which used to be their fishing grounds.[6][9][6] At least some of them survived the calamity.[14]

Practices

Members of an unspecified Andaman tribe fishing c. 1870

The Sentinelese are hunter-gatherers, likely using bows and arrows to hunt terrestrial wildlife and more rudimentary methods to catch local seafood, such as mud crabs. It has been noted that they prepare their food in a way similar to the Önge people.[20]

The Sentinelese are not believed to have evolved their practices beyond those of the Stone Age. Metalworking, agriculture, and even the ability to make fire are unknown to them.[21][22][9]They do appear to recognise the value of metal, having scavenged it to create tools and weapons, and their acceptance of aluminum cookware left by the National Geographic Society in 1974.[14]

They have developed canoes suitable for lagoon-fishing.[6]

They reside in small huts with a slanted leaves-covered roof, erected on four poles.[6]The huts appear to be temporary.[6]

Appearance and genetics

Comparative distributions of Andamanese indigenous peoples, pre-18C vs present-day

The Sentinelese are considered to be Negrito.[23] They have dark skin and may be shorter in stature than average humans, with one report by Heinrich Harrer placing a man at 1.6 metres (5 ft 3 in) tall, possibly because of insular dwarfism (the so called "Island Effect"), nutrition, or simply genetic heritage.[24]

A 2014 circumnavigation put their height between 5ft 3in and 5ft 5in and recorded their skin colour as "dark, shining black" with well-aligned teeth. They showed no signs of obesity and had very prominent muscles.[6]

They appear to wear a few ornaments (necklaces, headbands et al) but no clothing.[25][26][27] Wearing of jawbones of deceased relatives has been reported.[25] Both sexes wear bark strings; the men tuck daggers into their waist belts.[6]

Language

Because of their complete isolation, nearly nothing is known about the Sentinelese language, which is therefore unclassified.[28][29] It has been recorded that the Jarawa and Sentinelese languages are mutually unintelligible.[28][16]

Contact

First sighting

In 1771, an East India Company hydrographic survey vessel, the Diligent, sighted "a multitude of lights ... upon the shore" of North Sentinel Island, which is the island's first recorded mention. The crew did not investigate.[25]

First contact

During the late summer monsoon of 1867, the Indian merchant-vessel Nineveh foundered on the reef off North Sentinel. All the passengers and crewmen reached the beach safely but on the morning of the third day, as they proceeded for a breakfast, were subject to a sudden assault by a group of naked, short-haired, red-painted islanders with arrows that appeared to be tipped with iron.[25]

The captain, who fled in the ship's boat was found days later by a brig and a Royal Navy rescue party was soon sent to the island. Upon arrival, it discovered that the survivors had repelled the attackers with sticks and stones and that they had not reappeared.[25]

Colonial span

M. V. Portman with Andamanese chiefs

In 1880, in an effort to establish contact with the Sentinelese, British naval officer Maurice Vidal Portman, who was serving as a colonial administrator to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, led an armed group of Europeans along with convict-orderlies and Andamanese trackers whom they had befriended to North Sentinel Island. Upon the group's arrival, the islanders fled into the treeline. After several days of futile search, during which they found abandoned villages and paths, Portman's men captured six individuals, an elderly man and woman and four children.[30]

The man and woman died shortly after their arrival in Port Blair and the children sickened.[6] Portman thus hurriedly sent the children back to the North Sentinel Island but with ample gifts, to establish friendly contact and noted their "peculiarly idiotic expression of countenance, and manner of behaving".[25]

In 1896, a convict escaped from the penal colony on Great Andaman Island and drifted across to the North Sentinel beach. His body was discovered by a search party some days later, ''pierced in several places by arrows and with its throat cut''. No natives were sighted.[25]

Whilst there have been recorded instances of British administrators visiting the island (Homfray (1867), Rogers (1902) and Bonington (1926)), the colonial government did not undertake any further expedition to the island, probably because of its small size and unfavorable location, which were hardly of any material value.[25]

T. N. Pandit (1967–1991)

In 1967, a group of 20 people, comprising the governor, armed forces and naval personnel, were led by T. N. Pandit, an anthropologist working for the Anthropological Survey of India, to North Sentinel Island to explore it and befriend the Sentinelese.[31][11][25] Through binoculars, the group located several clusters of Sentinelese along the coastline, who receded into the forest as the team advanced. The team followed their footprints and after about half a mile, found a group of 18 lean-to huts made from grass and leaves and showing signs of recent occupation by an estimated 40–50 people as evidenced by fires, roasted fish and wild fruits, spears, bows, arrows and half-made baskets.[31] The team failed to establish any contact and withdrew after leaving gifts for them.[25]

The government was aware that leaving them (and the area) completely isolated would lead to rampant illegal exploitation of the natural resources by the numerous mercenary outlaws who took refuge in those regions, and probably to the Sentinelese's extinction. Accordingly, in 1970, an official surveying party landed at an isolated spot on the island and erected a stone tablet, atop a disused native hearth, that declared the island part of India.[25]

During the 1970s and 80s, Pandit undertook several visits to the island as an "expert advisor" in tour parties including dignitaries who wished to encounter an aboriginal tribe.[25][14] Beginning in 1981, Pandit regularly led official expeditions with the purpose of establishing friendly contact.[25]

The crews often left various gifts on the island and met with mixed reception by the Sentinelese. Sometimes the Sentinelese waved and sometimes they turned their backs and indulged in a defecating posture, which Pandit took as a sign of their not being welcome. On some occasions, they rushed out of the jungle to take the gifts and then attacked the party with arrows.[25]

National Geographic (1974)

In early 1974, a National Geographic film crew went to the island with a team of anthropologists to film a documentary, Man in Search of Man. They were accompanied by armed police. When the motorboat broke through the barrier reefs, the locals emerged from the jungle and shot arrows at the boat. They landed at a safe point on the coast and left gifts in the sand, including a miniature plastic car, some coconuts, a live pig, a doll, and aluminum cookware.[32]

The Sentinelese followed up by launching another round of arrows, one of which struck the documentary director in his thigh. The man who wounded the director withdrew to the shade of a tree and laughed proudly while others speared and then buried the pig and the doll. They left afterward, taking the coconuts and cookware.[14]

The Primrose (1981)

In 1977, MV Rusley ran aground on the North Sentinel Reefs.[6]

In August 1981, the cargo ship Primrose, carrying freight between Australia and Bangladesh, ran aground in rough seas just off North Sentinel Island, stranding a small crew. After a few days, the captain dispatched a distress call asking for drop of firearms and reported of preparations of boats by more than 50 armed islanders, to invade the ship. The strong waves prevented the Sentinelese canoes from advancing towards the ship and also deflected their arrows. Nearly a week later, the crew were evacuated by a helicopter of the Indian Navy.[33][25]

The Sentinelese have used the wreck-iron, to design their arrows.[14]

1991 expedition

In 1991, the first instances of peaceful contact were recorded in the course of two routine expeditions by an Indian anthropological team, whilst providing gifts of coconuts. The team consisted of Dr. Madhumala Chattopadhyay, as the anthropological expert because of Pandit's unavailability. The Sentinelese were reported to be eager for the gifts and approached the party without any weaponry. Later that day, the Sentilenese approached quite close to the dinghies for the first time and the Director of Tribal Welfare distributed five bags of coconuts, to a number of folks, hand-in-hand.[25][34]

Pandit took part in the second expedition, wherein the Sentinelese jumped on the dinghies and took the coconut sacks by themselves. He brought some Onge to the island but reported that their presence angered the Sentinelese.[31]

Indian government

The series of contact expeditions continued until 1994, when the programs were abandoned but without any definite reason.[14][25][6] Until this time it had maintained a policy of no-deliberate-contact and intervenes only in cases of natural calamities which might pose an existential threat.[6]

The Sentinelese generally did not let the post-Pandit contact teams to get near them[25] and so they usually waited until the armed Sentinelese retreated. The teams would then leave gifts on the beach or set them adrift toward the coastline.[14] Some of the expeditions ended in violent encounters.[14][25]

There were expeditions in 2004 and 2005 to evaluate the after-effects of tsunami.[6]

There was an aerial expedition followed by a circumnavigation in 2014, as to investigating the effects of a forest fire. Important data was gathered and overall, the forest-fire did not seem to affect the populace. Friendly hand-gestures were noted during the visit though extreme care was taken to not go very close to the island.[6]

Deaths of two fishermen (2006)

On 27 January 2006, Indian fishermen Sunder Raj and Pandit Tiwari, who had been attempting to illegally harvest crabs off North Sentinel Island, drifted toward the island after their boat's makeshift anchor failed during the night. They did not respond to warning calls from passing fishermen, and the boat drifted into the shallows near the island,[35] where a group of Sentinelese warriors attacked the boat and killed the fishermen with axes.[36] According to one report, the bodies were later put on bamboo stakes facing out to sea like scarecrows.[37]

Their buried bodies were discovered three days later by an Indian Coast Guard search and rescue helicopter.[14][35] When the helicopter tried to retrieve them, it was attacked by tribesmen armed with spears and bows and arrows. The pilot is quoted as saying "They were just 200 metres away and were attacking my helicopter with everything they had - arrows were flying everywhere". The helicopter was able to lure the islanders to another location 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) away before flying back and gaining enough time to retrieve one of the two bodies before the islanders returned. During a repeat of the previous strategy, the Sentinelese split into two groups and prevented recovery of the second body.[38][39] The mission was then abandoned and the second body never retrieved.[40]

Death of John Allen Chau (2018)

In November 2018, John Allen Chau, a 26-year-old American missionary[41][42][43] trained and sent by Missouri-based missionary organization All Nations,[44] traveled illegally to North Sentinel Island with the help of local fishermen, intending to make contact with and live among the Sentinelese[44] in the hope of converting them to Christianity.[41][45][15][46] Indian authorities said Chau had only an ordinary tourist visa and had not sought the special permission required to visit the island.[47][48] On 14 November, Chau bribed local fishermen in Port Blair to take him to the island.[49] According to police, he started his journey after nightfall to avoid detection.[42]

On 15 November, Chau attempted his first visit by the fishing boat that took him around 500–700 metres (1,600–2,300 ft) from the shore.[50] The fishermen warned Chau not to go farther, but he continued alone in a canoe with a Bible to the shore. As he approached the island, he saw the islanders and attempted to communicate with them, stating: "My name is John, I love you and Jesus loves you."[51] Following this brief exchange, the islanders attacked him with arrows.[52] He later recorded in his journal that he had greeted them with Christian quotes in English and attempted to offer gifts, but they continued to approach him and he hurriedly retreated in his canoe.[51][52][42]

On further visits, Chau recorded that the islanders reacted to him with a mixture of amusement, bewilderment and hostility. He attempted to sing worship songs to them, and spoke to them in Xhosa, after which they often fell silent, while other attempts to communicate ended with them bursting into laughter.[51] He recorded that they communicated with "lots of high pitched sounds" and gestures.[53] Eventually, when he tried to hand over fish and gifts, a boy shot a metal-headed arrow that pierced the Bible Chau was holding in front of his chest, and he left the island.[51][54]

On his final visit, on 17 November, Chau instructed the fishermen to leave without him.[46] The fishermen later saw the islanders dragging Chau's body, and the next day they saw his body on the shore.[55][52]

The Washington Post obtained Chau's journal, which stated that he had a clear desire to convert the tribe and was aware of the risk of death he faced and of the illegality of his visits to the island. Chau wrote "Lord, is this island Satan's last stronghold where none have heard or even had the chance to hear your name?", "The eternal lives of this tribe is at hand", and "I think it's worthwhile to declare Jesus to these people. Please do not be angry at them or at God if I get killed ...Don’t retrieve my body."[55][56]

Police subsequently arrested seven fishermen for assisting Chau to get close to the restricted island.[57][54] The case is being treated as a murder but there has been no suggestion that the tribesmen could be charged.[55][58] Human rights group Survival International said it was possible that Chau had infected the tribe with pathogens to which they have no immunity, "with the potential to wipe out the entire tribe".[59][60]

Indian officials made several attempts to recover Chau's body, but on 28 November decided to abandon those efforts. An anthropologist involved in the case told The Guardian that the risk of a dangerous clash between investigators and the islanders was too great to justify any further attempts.[61]

Notes

  1. ^ District Census Handbook: Andaman & Nicobar Islands (PDF). Census of India (Report). 2011. p. 156. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015. ((cite report)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Earth from Space: North Sentinel Island". European Space Agency. 29 April 2005. Archived from the original on 2015-06-23. Retrieved 1 August 2015. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Foster, Peter (2006-02-08). "Stone Age tribe kills fishermen who strayed on to island". ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2018-11-21. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b Dobson, Jim. "A Human Zoo on the World's Most Dangerous Island? The Shocking Future of North Sentinel". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2018-11-21. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "List of notified Scheduled Tribes" (PDF). Census India. p. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-07. Retrieved 15 December 2013. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Sasikumar, M (2018). "The Sentinelese of the North Sentinel Island: Concerns and Perceptions" (PDF). Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India. 67(1): 37–44.
  7. ^ "American Is Killed by Bow and Arrow on Remote Indian Island". Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2018-11-21. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "North Sentinel Island Is Home to the Last Uncontacted People on Earth". curiosity.com. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2018-11-21. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ a b c Burton, Adrian (2012). "A world of their own". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 10 (7): 396–396.
  10. ^ "US man killed by tribe after ignoring ban on visiting remote North Sentinel island". Sky News. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2018-11-21. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ a b Sengar, Resham. "Know how 60,000 year-old human tribe of secluded North Sentinel Island behaves with outsiders". Times of India Travel. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2018-11-21. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "Sentinelese tribe has closer resemblance to Jarawas, slightly taller than other Andaman tribes, says expert". Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-24. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ Bagla, Pallava; Stone, Richard (2006). "After the Tsunami: A Scientist's Dilemma". Science. 313 (5783): 32–35.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Pandya, Vishvajit (2009). "Through Lens and Text: Constructions of a 'Stone Age' Tribe in the Andaman Islands". History Workshop Journal (67): 173–193. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2018-11-21. ((cite journal)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ a b "American 'killed by arrow-wielding tribe'". BBC News. 2018-11-21. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2018-11-21. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ a b Enumeration of Primitive Tribes in A&N Islands: A Challenge (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2014. The first batch could identify 31 Sentinelese. The second batch could count altogether 39 Sentinelese consisting of male and female adults, children and infants. During both the contacts the enumeration team tried to communicate with them through some Jarawa words and gestures, but, Sentinelese could not understand those verbal words. ((cite report)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "Forest Statistics - Department of Environment & Forests, Andaman & Nicobar Islands" (PDF). 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-16. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ census, archive.org; accessed 25 November 2018.
  19. ^ "Ten Indian families world knows nothing about". Times of India. 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-22.
  20. ^ Portman, Maurice Vidal (1899). "XVIII: The Jàrawas". A History of Our Relations with the Andamanese. Vol. II. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. p. 728. OCLC 861984. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  21. ^ Burman, B. K. Roy, ed. (1990). Cartography for development of outlying states and islands of India: short papers submitted at NATMO Seminar, Calcutta, December 3–6, 1990. National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. p. 203. OCLC 26542161.
  22. ^ Master Plan 1991–2021 for Welfare of Primitive Tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sec. II Ch. 21. Dept. of Tribal Welfare, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Administration; as reproduced in Andaman Book
  23. ^ "Sentinelese: The Tribe That Has Remained Isolated for 60,000 Years". Day Translations Blog. 2014-02-05. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2018-11-21. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Harrer, Heinrich (1977). Die letzten Fünfhundert: Expedition zu d. Zwergvölkern auf d. Andamanen [The last five hundred: Expedition to the dwarf peoples in the Andaman Islands] (in German). Berlin: Ullstein. ISBN 3-550-06574-4. OCLC 4133917. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s GOODHEART, ADAM (2000). "The Last Island of the Savages". The American Scholar. 69 (4): 13–44.
  26. ^ Shammas, John (2015-04-22). "Mysterious island is home to 60,000-year-old community who KILL outsiders". mirror. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2018-11-21. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ "The Forbidden Island". Neatorama. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2018-11-21. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ a b Zide, Norman; Pandya, Vishvajit (1989). "A Bibliographical Introduction to Andamanese Linguistics". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 109 (4): 639–651. doi:10.2307/604090.
  29. ^ Moseley, Christopher (2007). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. Routledge. p. 342. ISBN 9780700711970.
  30. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-11-23. Retrieved 2018-11-25. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  31. ^ a b c Shantanu Nandan Sharma (Nov 24, 2018). "Surprised the Sentinelese killed someone: First anthropologist to enter North Sentinel island". Economic Times. India Times. Retrieved Nov 26, 2018.
  32. ^ Pandya, Vishvajit (2009). In the Forest: Visual and Material Worlds of Andamanese History (1858–2006). University Press of America. p. 357. ISBN 978-0-7618-4272-9. OCLC 673383888.
  33. ^ "Twenty-eight sailors shipwrecked for nearly two weeks off a..." UPI. 25 August 1981. Archived from the original on 2017-08-02. Retrieved 29 May 2017. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ Sengupta, Sudipto. "Madhumala Chattopadhyay, the woman who made the Sentinelese put their arrows down." The Print, 29 November 2018. Accessed 29 November 2018.
  35. ^ a b Foster, Peter (8 February 2006). "Stone Age tribe kills fishermen who strayed on to island". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 25 August 2013. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ "Survival comes first for Sentinel islanders – the world's last 'stone-age' tribe". The Guardian UK. 12 February 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  37. ^ "Cops Retreat After Andaman Tribe Seen Armed With Bows And Arrows". NDTV. 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  38. ^ Som, Vishnu (23 November 2018). "Attacked By Andaman Tribe, Coast Guard Officer's Terrifying Account". NDTV. Archived from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ "Cops Studying Rituals Of Tribe That Killed US Man To Recover His Body". NDTV. 25 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 24 November 2018. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ "'Adventurist' American Killed by Protected Andaman Tribe on Island Off-Limits to Visitors". The wire. 22 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 24 November 2018. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ a b "'God, I don't want to die,' U.S. missionary wrote before he was killed by remote tribe on Indian island". The Washington Post. 21 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 22 November 2018. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ a b c "American is killed by bow and arrow on remote island in India". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2018-11-22. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ "John Chau on Instagram: "John Allen Chau"". Instagram. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2018-11-21. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  44. ^ a b "Police face-off with Sentinelese tribe as they struggle to recover slain missionary's body". News.com.au. 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  45. ^ Roy, Sanjib Kumar (21 November 2018). "American killed on remote Indian island off-limits to visitors". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2018-11-22. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  46. ^ a b "US man killed by remote tribe was trying to spread Christianity". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 2018-11-23. Retrieved 2018-11-24. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  47. ^ Chatterjee, Tanmay; Lama, Prawesh (23 November 2018). "American national John Allen Chau violated every rule in the book to meet the Sentinelese". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018.
  48. ^ Bhardwaj, Deeksha (28 November 2018). "John Allen Chau 'lost his mind', was aware of dangers of North Sentinel Island, say friends". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018.
  49. ^ Banerjie, Monideepa (22 November 2018). "American Paid Fishermen Rs. 25,000 For Fatal Trip To Andamans". NDTV. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 22 November 2018. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  50. ^ "North Sentinel Island tribespeople believed to have killed trespassing US 'missionary'". CNN. 22 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 22 November 2018. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  51. ^ a b c d Jeffrey Gettleman; Hari Kumar; Kai Schultz (Nov 23, 2018). "A Man's Last Letter Before Being Killed on a Forbidden Island". New York Times.
  52. ^ a b c "US tourist killed by tribe in Andaman and Nicobar's North Sentinel Island, seven arrested in connection with murder - Firstpost". www.firstpost.com. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2018-11-21. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  53. ^ Slater, Joanna; Gowen, Annie (Nov 23, 2018). "Fear and faith: Inside the last days of an American missionary died on tribe's remote Indian Ocean island". Washington Post. Retrieved Nov 26, 2018.
  54. ^ a b "John Allen Chau detailed efforts to convert islanders to Christianity in final diary entries: 'You guys might think I'm crazy'". ABC News. 26 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  55. ^ a b c "Indian authorities struggle to retrieve US missionary feared killed on remote island". CNN. 2018-11-25. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-25. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  56. ^ ""Satan's Last Stronghold...?" US Man Wrote Before Death On Andaman Island". NDTV. 23 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  57. ^ Sanjib (20 November 2018). "American National killed by Sentinelese Tribes of Andaman - Andaman Sheekha". Andaman Sheekha. Sheekha Bureau. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 21 November 2018. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  58. ^ "Indian authorities struggle to retrieve US missionary feared killed on remote island". BBC. 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
  59. ^ "Survival International statement on killing of American man John Allen Chau by Sentinelese tribe, Andaman Islands". Survival International. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 22 November 2018. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  60. ^ "John Allen Chau: Who was US man killed in remote islands?". BBC. 21 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 22 November 2018. ((cite news)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  61. ^ Michael Safi; Denis Giles (November 28, 2018). "India has no plans to recover body of US missionary killed by tribe". The Guardian.

References

Andaman Islands
Andamanese
Malaysia
Philippines
Thailand
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