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| Other names | shahnai, shenai |
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The shehnai, shahnai, shenai or mangal vadya, is an aerophonic (wind) instrument, a double reed conical oboe, common in North India, West India and Pakistan, made out of wood, with a metal flare bell at the end.[1][2][3] Its sound is thought to create and maintain a sense of auspiciousness and sanctity and, as a result, is widely used during marriages, processions, and in temples of West India, although it is also played in concerts. The South Indian equivalent of the shehnai is the nadaswaram.
Construction, technique and range
This tube-like instrument gradually broadens towards the lower end. It usually has between six and nine holes. It employs two sets of double reeds, making it a quadruple reed woodwind. By controlling the breath, various tunes can be played on it.
The shehnai has a range of two octaves, from the A below middle C to the A one line above the treble clef (A3 to A5 in scientific pitch notation).
Origin of the shehnai
The ancestor of North Indian shehnai is believed to be from Persian Surna (Sur = feast, Nai=Ney= flute). The shehnai is thought to have been developed by improving upon the pungi (a woodwind folk instrument used primarily for snake charming).
There are varying legends of the shehnai's origin. In one of these, a shah initially banned the playing of the pungi in his court due to its shrill sound. A barber, belonging to a family of musicians, improved on it and created the shehnai. As it was played in the Shah's court and giving due reference to the nai or barber, the new instrument was called shehnai.
In other variants of the legend, the shehnai was
- named after a shehnai player called Saina,
- derived from sheh (breath) and nai (flute), or
- derived from the combination of the Persian words shah (king), and nai (reed, flute) to give the meaning "the king's flute".
Another theory of the origin of the shehnai is that the name is a modification of the word "sur-nal". The word nal/nali/nad is used in many Indian languages to mean pipe or reed. The word "sur" means tone or tune—musical note or simply music—and is used as a prefix to the names of many Indian instruments. The "sur-nal" is said to have given its name to the "surna/zurna" which is the name by which the reed-pipe is known throughout the Middle East and eastern Europe. Shehnai is usually played at traditional North Indian weddings and is associated with the bride leaving her parental house for her husband's house.[4] Sometimes, two shehnais can be tied together, making it a double shawm similar to the ancient Greek aulos.[5]
Whereas the counterparts played in West Indian and Coastal Karnatka are indigenous to the territory. Shenai players were/are an integral part of Goan/Konkani and temples along the western coast and the players are called as Vajantri and they were alloted lands for services rendered for the temples.[6]
Shehnaists
Some exponents of the shehnai are:
- Bismillah Khan, who was a well-known shehnai player.
- Hanuman Jadev, who played the shehnai on the George Harrison Beatles song The Inner Light (song).[7]
- Ahmadi Black American jazz musician, Yusef Lateef.
- Dave Mason played shehnai on the Rolling Stones' 1968 hit song "Street Fighting Man". The shehnai is also played extensively on the Suns of Arqa albums 'Cradle' and 'Jaggernaut'. A female exponent is Bageshwari Qamar.
Range
The shehnai has a range of two octaves, from the A below middle C to the A one line above the treble clef (A3 to A5 in scientific pitch notation).
See also
- Reed instrument, a brand of woodwind instrument.
- Shawm, a brand of reed instrument.
- Mizmar, a shawm similar to the shanai.
- Nadaswaram, a similar South Indian instrument
Notes
- ^ Shehnai Britannica.com.
- ^ Ranade. p. 307.
- ^ Hoiberg, p. 1
- ^ Dileep Karanth, The Indian Oboe Reexamined, E-ASPAC 2005, retrieved 5 May 2008
- ^ Chalumeau double (picture from the book "Illustrated encyclopedia of Musical Instruments".there are also reeds that are blown through to make it vibrate to make the sound come out
- ^ Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district gazetteer, Volume 1. Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu,. 1979.
((cite book)): CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ Peter Lavezzoli. The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. Bhairavi. The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc. New York 2006. ISBN 0826418155 ISBN 978-08264181592006. p183
References
- Ranade, Ashok Damodar (2006). Music contexts: a concise dictionary of Hindustani Music. Bibliophile South Asia. ISBN 8185002630.
((cite book)): Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Hoiberg, Dale (2000). Students' Britannica India. Popular Prakashan.
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External links
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