Siege of Daulatabad

Illustration of the Mughal siege of Daulatabad fort by Murar from a Padshahnama manuscript c. 1635 - 1650, Royal Collection
Date1633
Location
Daulatabad Fort
Result Mughal victory
Belligerents
Mughal EmpireMughal Empire Ahmadnagar Sultanate
Bijapur Sultanate
Commanders and leaders

Mahabat Khan
Khan Zaman

Nasiri Khan

Fath Khan
Murari Pandit
Randaula Khan

Shahji Bhonsle

The Siege of Daulatabad (1633) was a conflict between the Mughal Empire and the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, wherein the fort-city of Daulatabad was besieged by a Mughal force for several months and successfully captured. The Bijapur Sultanate also participated in the conflict against the Mughals, sending a large army to the aid of the fort's garrison. The conflict took place after several Mughal victories securing other minor forts in Ahmadnagar control, but was distinguished by the political significance of Daulatabad to the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. This event marked Mughal victory in the ongoing war between the Mughals and the Ahmadnagar Sultanate; it ended the Nizam Shahi dynasty and concluded the Sultanate, marking another step in the Mughal advance over the Deccan region. The victory did not fully quell resistance in the Western Deccan; a year later, Maratha commander Shahji Bhonsle attempted a bid for power using a puppet ruler of the Nizam Shahi house.

Background

The Mughal emperor Shah Jahan succeeded his father Jahangir in the year 1628, following which his attention immediately turned to consolidating Mughal authority over the Deccan Sultanates. Particularly, his objective was to recover Mughal territories lost to the Nizam Shahis of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate in the final years of Jahangir's reign. In February 1630, he and his armies marched south in pursuit of Khan Jahan Lodi, a rebel Mughal commander who had defected to the Nizam Shahis. Upon the successful capture and execution of Lodi, Shah Jahan began campaigning against the Ahmadnagar Sultanate from his base in Burhanpur. These events coincided with the Deccan famine of 1630–1632, which devastated the countryside.[1][2][3]

At this time, the Ahmadnagar Sultanate was tenuously ruled by its prime minister Fath Khan, son of Malik Ambar, and power was nominally in the hands of Burhan Nizam Shah III. Daulatabad served as the seat of Nizam Shahi power. Since Shah Jahan's arrival in the region, the Mughals had captured a number of lesser forts. In 1632, Fath Khan decided to acknowledge Mughal sovereignty. He performed several acts to prove his sincerity, including the execution of Burhan Nizam Shah, the installation of boy prince Hussain Shah as ruler, and the execution of a number of leading officers of the kingdom. Shah Jahan eventually acquiesced and withdrew to the north in 1632, partly due to the death of his wife Mumtaz Mahal a year prior.[4][5][6] He appointed Mahabat Khan as governor of the Deccan.[3]

Fath Khan's submission was unpopular in the Nizam Shahi kingdom. It prompted the commander Shahji Bhonsle to defect from the Mughal side and negotiate with the Bijapur Sultanate, which sent a large army to seize the fort of Daulatabad, commanded by Randaula Khan and Murari Pandit. Fath Khan wrote to Mahabat Khan, seeking Mughal support to fend off the Adil Shahi force. Mahabat Khan dispatched his son Khan Zaman to his aid. Khan Zaman's army advanced on Daulatabad; Adil Shahi forces, as well as a force commanded by Shahji, tried to stop the advance but failed. This prompted Randaula Khan, a general of the Adil Shahi army, to open negotiations with Fath Khan. The latter was convinced to switch sides and oppose the Mughals; Fath Khan prepared to defend the fort from the advancing Mughal forces. When Mahabat Khan was informed of this news, he gave the order to Khan Zaman of opening a siege on Daulatabad's fort.[5]

Siege

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Preparations

Upon receiving orders from his father Mahabat Khan, Khan Zaman dispatched Deccani forces that had been obstructing the Mughal advance, and then began preparations for a siege by digging trenches and laying mines. Mahabat Khan himself arrived at the city on 1st March 1633, after securing supply lines for the Mughal forces, and the next morning took up residence in a house belonging to the Nizam Shahi king. The fort was surrounded, and batteries were stationed at strategic points.[5]

Fath Khan moved the Nizam Shahi king Hussain Shah to Kalakot, a well-fortified section within the Daulatabad fort. He himself resided in Mahakot, another section of the fort. He worked to fortify different parts of the citadel by distributing command and installing guns at vital locations.[5]

Capture of Ambarkot

A Mughal folio from a copy of the Padshahnama, featuring a retrospective depiction of the assault on Daulatabad fort, c. 1800.The fort is rendered as a fortified palace, rather than an actual mountain fortress (left). Emperor Shah Jahan watches the assault (right). From LACMA.[7]

The initial stages of the siege were characterised by repeated skirmishes between the Mughal forces, the Adil Shahi army, and Shahji's forces. The Adil Shahis and Shahji repeatedly attempted to subvert the Mughal blockade by sneaking provisions into Daulatabad's fort, and these efforts were frequently caught and cut short by the Mughal army. However, this served as an effective distraction from the Mughals' task of breaking into the fort. The Adil Shahi commander Randaula Khan and Shahji also cooperated in leading several assaults aimed at disrupting Mughal lines of communication, but these attempts were repeatedly rebuked by the Mughal forces.[5] The failure of the Adil Shahi forces and Shahji prompted Fath Khan, who was embedded in the fort, to attempt open combat by sending out war elephants and trying to remove mines; this effort failed, and Fath Khan was forced to retreat after sustaining heavy losses. Khan Zaman pressed the siege of the fort; the plan was to assemble a storming party at dawn, following which a mine would be detonated at first light. In actuality, the officer in charge of the mine mistakenly fired it earlier, before the storming party could arrive. Mahabat Khan resolved to lead the party instead, but Nasiri Khan insisted otherwise and commanded the charge.[5][8] Mughal forces were able to flood into the breach created by the mine and occupy Ambarkot, the outermost fortification of the citadel, after outnumbering defenders led by Khairat Khan.[5][9]

Capture of Mahakot

Following this victory, Randaula Khan and Shahji once again attempted to distract the Mughals and sneak in provisions to feed the fort's starving garrison. They dispatched forces to raid Telangana and Berar, while simultaneously sending grain to the fort with a convoy of 3000 musketeers. Mahabat Khan dispatched forces to foil the raiders, and employed Nasiri Khan to intercept the convoy; both operations were successful. Subsequently, Mahabat Khan began the siege of the next layer of defenses, a fortified sector of the citadel known as Mahakot. He managed to successfully lay a mine in Mahakot's fortifications, which prompted Fath Khan to move his family to Kalakot out of fear. By this point, a number of Bijapuri members of the fort's garrison had exited the fort with Mahabat Khan's permission and returned home, due to the acute food shortage.[5]

Adil Shahi forces and Shahji continued their attempts to disrupt Mughal communications, hoping to reduce pressure on Mahakot. They snuck provisions and raided Berar, but their attempts were disrupted by Khan Zaman. The Deccani side benefited with the arrival of reinforcements from Bijapur, and plans were drawn to lead assaults on Mahabat Khan, but these were also met with defeat.[5]

At this stage, Mahabat Khan successfully had a mine carried into Mahakot's defenses. This alarmed Fath Khan, who reached out to Mahabat Khan asking to postpone its detonation; the latter asked him to send his son to the Mughal camp as a token of his sincerity, but delays in doing so led to Mahabat Khan firing the mine anyway. The mine destroyed one bastion and eighteen yards of fortifications. Mughal forces entered through this breach and won over Mahakot.[5]

Surrender

Confronted by the fall of Mahakot, the continuing failure to secure supplies for the fort garrison, general famine in the area, and the breakout of epidemic among troops, Fath Khan decided to surrender to the Mughal force. He sent his son Abdul Rasul on his behalf, to issue an apology to Mahabat Khan for his treachery. He requested a week's time to evacuate the fort, which Mahabat granted, even giving him supplies and a lump sum to facilitate his departure. Mahabat Khan entered the fort of Daulatabad in June 1633, and had the khutbah (Friday sermon) read in Shah Jahan's name, symbolising Mughal sovereignty over Daulatabad.[5][8]

Aftermath

The conquest of Daulatabad fort ended the Ahmednagar Sultanate as an independent principality, and concluded the Nizam Shahi dynasty.[6][3] Fath Khan was arrested by Mahabat Khan, despite earlier assurance of amnesty; both him and the Nizam Shahi family were brought to emperor Shah Jahan. Fath Khan was allowed a peaceful retirement, but the Nizam Shahi ruler Hussain Shah was imprisoned in Gwalior.[4] Mahabat Khan died in 1634, the year after Daulatabad's successful siege. At the time of his death, he was the highest-ranking Mughal noble of non-royal blood. For his participation in the siege of Daulatabad, Nasiri Khan had his rank raised and was awarded the title Khan Dauran.[10] Under Mughal control, the Daulatabad fort thereafter acted as a grain warehouse supplying Mughal troops headed towards the south of the Indian subcontinent.[11]

However, resistance in the region continued. In 1634, Shahji propped up a young prince from the Nizam Shahi household as ruler, styling him Murtaza Nizam Shah III.[4][2] The former assembled an army that absorbed the disbanding Nizam Shahi troops, supplanted with generous military support from the Adil Shahi king. Shahji fought in this puppet ruler's name, contesting the Mughal hold over the regions formerly under the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. This prompted Shah Jahan himself to return to the Deccan in 1635, resulting in a 1636 treaty with the Bijapur Sultanate. The treaty fully consolidated the Mughal hold over Ahmadnagar territory; it made Bijapur recognize Mughal suzerainty and offer military cooperation against Shahji, which led to the demise of the latter's campaigns. Along with a similar treaty made with the neighbouring Golconda Sultanate, this resulted in peace for the Deccan region over the next two decades, and resolved the extended 'Deccan crisis' of Shah Jahan's reign.[3][2][6]

References

  1. ^ Richards, John F. (1993). The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge history of India. Cambridge ; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-521-25119-8.
  2. ^ a b c Gordon, Stewart (1993). The Marathas, 1600-1818. The new Cambridge history of India. Cambridge [England] ; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–47. ISBN 978-0-521-26883-7.
  3. ^ a b c d Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: from Sultanat to the Mughals - Part II (Revised ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. pp. 201–204. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5.
  4. ^ a b c Sadiq Ali, Shanti (1996). The African dispersal in the Deccan: from medieval to modern times. New Delhi: Orient Longman. pp. 101–103. ISBN 978-81-250-0485-1.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Radhey, Shyam (1966). The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar (1 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 312–321.
  6. ^ a b c Streusand, Douglas E. (2011). Islamic gunpowder empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press. pp. 227–228. ISBN 978-0-8133-1359-7.
  7. ^ "Capture of Daulatabad Fort in 1633: a) Emperor Shah Jahan Watches the Assault on Daulatabad Fort; b) Capture of Daulatabad Fort, Folios from the Padshahnama (Chronicle of the King of the World) | LACMA Collections". collections.lacma.org. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  8. ^ a b "Murar - The Siege of Daulatabad (April-June 1633)". www.rct.uk. Retrieved 2024-06-10.
  9. ^ Sohoni, Pushkar (2018). The architecture of a Deccan sultanate: courtly practice and royal authority in late medieval India. Library of Islamic South Asia. London New York: I.B. Tauris. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-78673-419-8.
  10. ^ Welch, Stuart Cary; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), eds. (1987). The Emperors' album: images of Mughal India. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art : Distributed by Abrams. pp. 129 & 225. ISBN 978-0-87099-499-9.
  11. ^ Gommans, Jos J. L. (2002). Mughal warfare: Indian frontiers and highroads to empire, 1500-1700. Warfare and history. London ; New York: Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-415-23988-2. OCLC 50400990.
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