Cosmic ray was nominated as a Natural sciences good article, but it did not meet the good article criteria at the time (May 19, 2013). There are suggestions on the review page for improving the article. If you can improve it, please do; it may then be renominated. |
This level-4 vital article is rated B-class on Wikipedia's content assessment scale. It is of interest to the following WikiProjects: |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
Most of the commnents here are by far too old and probably outdated. Any Admin being able to do this is urgently asked to archive posts older than 10 years. 2A02:8108:9640:AC3:806:38BB:9468:B371 (talk) 07:07, 5 June 2021 (UTC) Marietta Balau should at least be mentioned!
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta_Blau — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.152.242.42 (talk) 00:54, 10 June 2023 (UTC)
The rates in the first figure "Cosmic ray flux versus particle energy" created by Sven Lafebre seem to be wrong comparing with the table in the section "Cosmic-ray flux". The table with the rates seems to be right regarding to this link: https://www.auger.org/index.php/edu-outreach/faq#section5. These should be the right rates:
From particle energy (eV) | To particle energy (eV) | Particle rate |
---|---|---|
1×109 | 1×1012 | 1×104 m−2s−1 |
1×1012 | 1×1016 | 1 m−2s−1 |
1×1016 | 1×1019 | 1 m−2yr−1 |
1×1019 | 5×1019 (see Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit) | 1 km−2yr−1 |
-- Sonnenyeti (talk) 09:12, 5 September 2017 (UTC)
why doesn't this article or even the link to the article HZE ions actually say what HZE stands for?Eman320 (talk) 20:52, 24 March 2015 (UTC)
Because the Fermi orbital observatory supports gathering data of a range and quality not available before, Science Magazine (2013-02-15) has announced that there is now a solid explanation for the nature and origin of cosmic rays.
These new results, and side reporting that the AAAS' leading scientific journal considers conclusive, seems to obsolete much of the WP article's speculation and reporting of alternative explanations.
Much work remains, I've only edited the Lede and a little of the into thereafter.
It's exciting to see controversies that have consumed the careers of platoons of scientists suddenly resolve as new ranges of data arrive. This has led some historians of science to suggest that technology drives observation which in turn shatters old theories.
Others are more cynical: "Science progresses one funeral at a time" - suggesting that old partisans will never be convinced by newly evidenced arguments. Let's see if edit wars break out here.
GreggEdwards (talk) 10:09, 15 February 2013 (UTC)
At the same time, I agree that just because cosmic rays originate in supernovae, these origins are not necessarily confined to those events, and other explanations should thus be mentioned. Wer900 • talk 01:09, 28 February 2013 (UTC)
GA toolbox |
---|
Reviewing |
Reviewer: StringTheory11 (talk • contrib) 03:11, 1 March 2013 (UTC)
I will review. StringTheory11 (t • c) 03:11, 1 March 2013 (UTC)
Some preliminary things to do:
StringTheory11 (t • c) 03:24, 1 March 2013 (UTC)
Ok, I'll resume the review.
Overall, I see no problems with clarity, deepness to the topic, nor prose. Once these are fixed, I think it can pass GA. StringTheory11 (t • c) 03:38, 17 April 2013 (UTC)
One of the tables lists nuclear plants as a source of artificial cosmic rays, among others that are terrestrial sources. While the production does produce a variety of products, if up to standards of most first world nations it should not increase exposure to the surrounding population as it indicates. Nuclear plants are highly contained and do not release any radiation under normal circumstances(Complete Melt Downs being the obvious exception).
I don't quite remember the exact stats for coal plants, but is that perchance the radiation exposure for what a coal power plant releases onto the countryside? I don't have any of my books handy to double check at this time, was more looking through some wikipedia sections to see what was said. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Soulbourne (talk • contribs) 10:34, 10 June 2013 (UTC)
I was disappointed this hadn't got to GA status. The In our Time program on cosmic rays for 16 May 2013 could provide many of the missing references. Profs Carolin Crawford, Alan Watson, and Tim Greenshaw covered much of the same ground as this article, albeit at a lower level. However it does have a number of factual one liners which could be used as references. JRPG (talk) 22:21, 12 June 2013 (UTC)
I have a problem with the following paragraph:
The first measure is in eV, then there is J(oules), and finally a fraction of gigaelectronvolts (converted to Joules parenthetically). Can we get someone to edit for consistency?
The parenthetical conversion is nice, but I find it difficult to try and use 0.3Gev=4.8x10^-11J as a way to compare the values.
WesT (talk) 19:54, 25 October 2013 (UTC)
The section on the “Postulated role in climate change” seems to me very much not a WP:NPOV. The worst is the 97% figure which is taken out of context. Yes 97% of those that have written at least 20 climate related peer reviewed articles suggest they believe that “anthropogenic greenhouse gases have been responsible for “most” of the “unequivocal” warming of the Earth's average global temperature over the second half of the 20th century.” But this says nothing about if those scientists believe cosmic rays can affect the climate. You could defiantly point to that survey to say 97% of climate scientists do not believe that “most” of the warming was from GCR’s, but you can’t say that 97% believe cosmic rays have no impact on the climate at all (at least based on that survey). Even more likely is that they just don't know exactly what the impact of GCR's are on the climate, but they think that it is less then "most" of the warming.
I think it can be rewritten in such a way that it doesn’t suggest that it is the accepted theory but still remains neutral in its evaluation. Specifically there are four scientific questions, first is can galactic cosmic rays induce aerosol formation, second can these aerosols grow sufficiently to form cloud condensing nuclei (“CCN”), third do these CCN lead to additional clouds formed, lastly are enough clouds formed to have a significant impact on global climate. Just about everyone (from Svensmark to skepticalscience.com to the IPCC) agrees that these four questions will need to be answered yes to demonstrate that GCR affect the climate.
As to the first question, because of the CLOUD experiment at CERN their nature article appears to answer the question as yes, and I think at this point the scientific consensus is that GCR can create aerosols. The answer to the second question is far more controversial Svensmark published a paper in 2013 claiming that the experiment he conducted showed the answer to this second question was yes, but clearly this has not yet become the scientific consensus.
Also why are we still referencing the 2007 IPCC report, why not use the 2013 AR5, which says there is medium evidence that cosmic ray-ionization mechanism is too weak to be climatically significant (the IPCC answer to the 4th question above).
For a great example Wikipedia article that I think deals well with both this issue and the controversy look at the Wikipedia article on Henrik Svensmark.
Obsidi (talk) 00:12, 13 February 2014 (UTC)
There is a serious misinterpretation of a cited article in the section on sources of cosmic rays. The current version states "However, no correlation was found between the incidence of gamma-ray bursts and cosmic rays, causing the authors to set a lower limit of 10−6 erg cm−2 on the flux of 1 GeV-1 TeV cosmic rays from gamma-ray bursts.[1]". This is obviously wrong: observing no cosmic rays from gamma-ray bursts allows one to set an *upper* limit on their cosmic-ray flux, not a lower limit. The number is also wrong; see below.
The relevant section of the linked article is on page 38, right column. Figure 4 (bottom) shows the upper limits placed on the cosmic-ray flux from different gamma-ray bursts, as a function of their position in the sky as seen from the observatory. The lowest such limit, quoted later in the text, is 3.4 × 10-6 erg cm−2; that is, there is at least one gamma-ray burst that did not exceed this cosmic-ray flux. The text further notes that theoretical models of cosmic-ray production in gamma-ray bursts generally predict fluxes below 10-6 erg cm−2; this is where the incorrect number comes from.
I'm editing the article to correct this point, with the summary referring to this comment for clarification. (There's also a bug in the description of the citation, which I don't have the know-how to fix.)
References
((cite conference))
: Unknown parameter |booktitle=
ignored (|book-title=
suggested) (help)
— Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.66.18.6 (talk) 15:11, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
The following statement appears in the text:
I haven't been able to find a citation for this, and am a little skeptical about its veracity. Apparently, gamma ray attenuation when passing through a material is determined by the absorption law, which follows an exponential decay based on the distance travelled.[1] Hence the assertion seems invalid as some small fraction of the gamma ray flux would always get through. Praemonitus (talk) 22:12, 29 April 2015 (UTC)
I am not an expert on this subject but I think there may be an error in the section on detection.
The explanation of the Cerenkov telescope says the Cerenkov radiation from cosmic rays hitting the atmosphere is in the form of gamma rays. I suspect this is wrong for the following reasons:
1 Wikipedia articles on VERITAS and IACT Cerenkov telescopes both seem to imply that the radiation being detected is visible light, (just possibly infra-red or utlra-violet) with mention of mirrors and photomultipliers.
2 The article states that the telescopes can operate only on moonless nights, implying that visible light interferes with operation.
3 All my previous reading about Cerenkov radiation in other contexts has always implied that it is visible light.
My extremely limited knowledge on this subject suggests that there may have been confusion between the Cerenkov radiation and the gamma rays produced when a cosmic ray strikes a molecule in the atmosphere as described earlier in the article.
ColinBrownWD35NY (talk) 14:49, 25 August 2015 (UTC)
The comment(s) below were originally left at Talk:Cosmic ray/Comments, and are posted here for posterity. Following several discussions in past years, these subpages are now deprecated. The comments may be irrelevant or outdated; if so, please feel free to remove this section.
Comment(s) | Press [show] to view → |
---|---|
As a cosmic ray physicist, I rated this article as 'Start'.
The article has a fair amount of information but it has major flaws.
There are strong points as well:
The Mid-priority range was judged by the topics already assessed. I hope this is useful. I'll see if I get round to doing some stuff. I don't want to be too drastic all by my myself, though. --Svenlafe 01:30, 5 January 2007 (UTC) |
Last edited at 01:30, 5 January 2007 (UTC). Substituted at 12:19, 29 April 2016 (UTC)
Can anyone substantiate the cosmic ray claim from 1942? I am about to pull it unless corroboration is forthcoming, but I see no mention here. LandOfTheBlind (talk) 18:22, 4 December 2016 (UTC)
Having skimmed and searched the page for mention, I can see none of the contended role of cosmic rays in mass-extinction? This seems a bit of a glaring absence. Three links can be found here, straight off a search engine
LandOfTheBlind (talk) 13:49, 5 December 2016 (UTC)
I entered the following: But in the interest of scientific rigor, it should be noted that all 97% consensus claims have been debunked[1], with many of their results attributed to cherry picking of the data (as in the Cook study).
References
It was reverted many times. I'd like to know why the truth is being censored.
Here's what some of the climatologists had to say about the Cook study:
=======================
Prof. Craig D. Idso: "That is not an accurate representation of my paper."
Dr. Nicola Scafetta: "Cook et al. (2013) is based on a strawman argument because it does not correctly define the IPCC AGW theory..."
Professor Nir J. Shaviv: "Nope... it is not an accurate representation."
Dr. Alain Carlin: "No, if Cook et al's paper classifies my paper... as "explicitly endorses AGW but does not quantify or minimize", nothing could be further from either my intent or the contents of my paper. I believe that there is sufficient evidence concerning misclassification that Cook et al's paper should be withdrawn by the authors and the data reanalyzed, preferably by less-biased reviewers."
Professor Nils-Axel Morner: "Certainly not correct and certainly misleading. My papers are strongly against AGW."
Professor Willie Soon: "This rating of 'no position on AGW by CO2' is nowhere accurate nor correct."
Professor Richard Tol: "7 out of 10 assessed papers were wrongly classified, another 112 were completely omitted! Of these, 111 (99%) were neutral. I think (their) data are a load of crap. I think (their) sampling strategy is a load of nonsense."
=======================
There are many, many more instances like the above quotes. The Popular Technology article definitively debunked ALL '97% consensus' claims.
In point of fact, the reference you cite for your '97% consensus' claim in the Cosmic Ray article: Anderegg, William R. L.; Prall, J. W.; Harold, J.; Schneider, S. H. (21 June 2010). "Expert credibility in climate change". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (27): 12107–12109. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10712107A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1003187107. PMC 2901439Freely accessible. PMID 20566872. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
Is debunked via peer-reviewed articles not once: http://www.pnas.org/content/107/39/E151.full.pdf (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 107, Number 39, September 2010) - Saffron J. O'Neilla, Max Boykoff
Not twice: http://www.pnas.org/content/107/47/E176.full.pdf (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 107, Number 47, November 2010) - Jarle Aarstad
But THREE times: http://www.pnas.org/content/107/52/E188.full.pdf (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 107, Number 52, December 2010) - Lawrence Bodenstein
The credibility of Wikipedia hinges upon the truth being told, regardless of political or religious leanings. Your religious belief in CO2-induced AGW may or may not be based upon knowledge of the field, but your attempt to censor the truth that there is no '97% consensus' can only be on a willful and knowing basis after the evidence of such has been presented, and therefore you harm Wikipedia's credibility.
Not only should you be ashamed of your behavior, but your administrator privileges should be revoked. People who act as you do are the reason Wikipedia is discounted as a credible and accurate source of information.
— Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.135.39.123 (talk) 17:14, 5 March 2017 (UTC)
I don't think it's accurate to say Marie Curie discovered radiation. Her work was extremely important, but in the history section the wording should probably be changed, or just dropped since she is not really part of the cosmic-ray story. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.97.30.208 (talk) 20:35, 17 October 2017 (UTC)
According to Physics World:
Neil Harris of the European Ozone Research Coordinating Unit in Cambridge, UK, is not convinced. He told physicsworld.com that showing a statistical correlation is not enough to prove the validity of the cosmic-ray mechanism since there could be other causal factors varying throughout the solar cycle. In any case, he says, Lu is wrong to compare cosmic ray intensity against total ozone because measurements of the latter depend on the movement of ozone around the atmosphere as well as the actual disappearance of ozone. AlbertACJefferson (talk) 17:40, 29 August 2018 (UTC)
In the section about the types of cosmic rays the article says: "Cosmic rays can be divided into two types, galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and extragalactic cosmic rays, i.e., high-energy particles originating outside the solar system," I think that the last part is wrong. Extragalactic means outside our Galaxy and not outside the solar system. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:16B8:1E7C:4800:2DD4:15D:CF34:84B2 (talk) 12:34, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
Are the cosmic (extra-solar) gamma rays considered cosmic rays ? The intro implies not. Later sections on energy suggest yes. Or, Are all gamma rays excluded from cosmic rays', or just the ones from GRB's ? Rod57 (talk) 10:29, 17 January 2020 (UTC)
At the moment the reference is "Scientific American (21 July 2008). <Solar Storms: Fast Facts>. Nature Publishing Group." that does not provide the primary source.
This does, that is the source would be McKee, W. R., McAdams, H. P., Smith, E. B., et al. "Cosmic Ray Neutron Induced Upsets as a Major Contributor to the Soft Error Rate of Current and Future Generation DRAMs" 1996 IEEE Annual International Reliability Physics, pp. 1-6, 1996.
--Pier4r (talk) 14:23, 3 May 2021 (UTC)
This article says, regarding different types of electromagnetic radiation, they “are known by their common names, such as gamma rays or X-rays, depending on their photon energy.” Technically, at some point in recent decades, science decided that gamma rays are defined as electromagnetic radiation from nuclear transformations, which “typically” have higher photon energy than X-rays. This is also consistent with the way it is phrased in the Wikipedia article on gamma rays. So technically, this article is incorrect when it uses gamma rays and X-rays as examples of electromagnetic rays that are distinguished by their photon energy. Just saying. 2601:646:9B00:3BF0:9C63:C69B:D654:10FF (talk) 21:21, 13 June 2022 (UTC)
I was Bold and archived sections of excessive age. This included threads that were started in 2006-2010 but had a single reply as recent as 2021-2022 due to no constructive discussion continuing. The archive can be found here if any items need to be referred to or if this change needs to be undone. Thank you! King keudo (talk) 13:59, 17 October 2022 (UTC)
The article is suitably referenced, with inline citations. It has reliable sources, and any important or controversial material which is likely to be challenged is cited.The article does not currently meet the criteria for B-class.
Links in the "External links" section should be kept to a minimum. A lack of external links or a small number of external links is not a reason to add external links.
There is nothing wrong with adding one or more useful content-relevant links to the external links section of an article; however, excessive lists can dwarf articles and detract from the purpose of Wikipedia. On articles about topics with many fansites, for example, including a link to one major fansite may be appropriate.
Minimize the number of links. An August 2020 "excessive or inappropriate external links" tag has not received any attention so I will trim it down to three. -- Otr500 (talk) 04:25, 28 February 2023 (UTC)
I'm putting this question back, after it was archived, because it hasn't yet been answered. Eric Kvaalen (talk) 09:23, 7 June 2023 (UTC)
Do the percentages (e.g.,99% of the particles are protons) refer to numbers of particles, mass associated with a type of particle, or some other method? Does the 99% protons, 10% alpha particles, 1% elections mean the Earth is continuously getting more positively charged? Obviously this cannot be, so how is charge balance achieved? In the synthesis of carbon 14, where do the neutrons come from? They are not listed as primary or secondary cosmic particles, there must be some reaction that cosmic rays cause that produces them. Savoy rattler (talk) 07:17, 15 October 2011 (UTC)
Can someone tell us (and put into the article) what the chance is that a cosmic ray will collide with an electron before hitting any nucleus? This could give rise to particles that would then go on to hit other things. But the available energy would be at best about 1/2000 of the kinetic energy of the cosmic ray, so it wouldn't be as productive as when the collision is with a nucleus. Eric Kvaalen (talk) 14:42, 7 June 2023 (UTC)