When capitalizing, it is mostly the practice in Mongolian to only do so with the first word of names, such as (¿/including?) titles and organizations.[4]: XV [5]: 55
TO CHECK: SHAGDARSÜREN / SHAGDARSÜRÜNG.
The order of the letters corresponds to the alphabetic order of Sanskrit.[1]: 28
Consonants[9]: 64–69, 189–194, 244–255 [1]: 26–28 [10]: 234–239 [11]: 37 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mongolian |
Devanagari | IAST | Tibetan | Wylie (EWTS) | |
These letters:: BabelStone: pages 65, 190, 192, 245, & 251–254.
| |||||
todo TSA |
ᡔᠠ᠋T • • : Babel 190, 251. | ཅ | ca | ||
CHA | • ᠴᠠ᠋ • : Poppe 27/Tib."ča". | ||||
todo TSA |
• • ᡔᠠ᠋T: Shagdar 237/Tib."ča". | ||||
ZA | • ᠽᠠ᠋ • : Poppe 28/San."tsa". | च | ca | ཙ | tsa |
todo JA |
• • ᡓᠠ᠋T: Shagdar 234/San."ca". | ||||
• • ᡓᠠ᠋T: Shagdar 237/Tib."ca". | |||||
ali gali CA |
ᢋᠠ᠋ • • : Babel 65, 192. | ||||
ali gali ZA |
ᢖᠠ᠋ • • : Babel 245, 253. | ||||
ZA | • ᠽᠠ᠋ • : Poppe 27/Tib."ca". | ||||
CHA | ᠴᠠ᠋ | ཆ | cha | ||
TSA | ᠼᠠ᠋ | छ | cha | ཚ | tsha |
todo TSA |
• ᡔᠠ᠋T • : Poppe 27/Tib."ǰa". | ཇ | ja | ||
ali gali CA |
• • ᢋᠠ᠋: Shagdar 237/Tib."ja". | ||||
ali gali CA ali |
• ⟨ᢋᠠ᠋? or ᢖᠠ᠋?⟩ • : Poppe 28/San. "dsa". | ज | ja | ||
ZA | • • ᠽᠠ᠋: Shagdar 234/San."ja" | ཛ | dza | ||
• ᠽᠠ᠋ • : Babel 65, 192, 245, 254. | |||||
ali gali CA ali |
• ⟨ᢋᠠ᠋? or ᢖᠠ᠋?⟩ • : Poppe 27/Tib."ja". | ||||
ZA | • • ᠽᠠ᠋: Shagdar 237/Tib."ja". | ||||
ali gali CA ali |
• ⟨ᢋᠾᠠ᠋? or ᢖᠾᠠ᠋?⟩ • : Poppe 28/San."dsha". | /झ | jha | ཛྷ | dz+ha |
ZA | • • ᠽᠾᠠ᠋: Shagdar 234/San."jha". | ||||
ZA | • ᠽᠾᠠ᠋ • : Babel 65, 245. | ||||
name (dz+ha) = UNICODE NAME (DZHA) |
Letters |
Contextual forms | Transliteration[note 2] |
IPA[citation needed] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | Medial | Final | Latin | Mong. Cyrillic |
Sanskrit (Deva) | Tibetan | ||
ᠧ | ᠧ | ᠧ | ᠧ | ē/é | е | ए | ཨེ | /e/ |
ᠸ | ᠸ | ᠸ | ᠸ | w/v | в | व | ཝ | /w/ |
ᠹ | ᠹ | ᠹ | ᠹ | f | ф | फ | ཕ | /f/ |
ᠺ | ᠺ | ᠺ | ᠺ | g/k | к | Pᢉᠠ=क=ཀ
Pᠺᠠ=ग=ག |
ག | /k/ |
ᠻ | ᠻ | ᠻ | ᠻ | k/kh | к | ख | ཁ | /kʰ/ |
ᠼ | ᠼ | ᠼ | ᠼ | c | ц | छ | ཚ | /t͡s/ |
ᠽ | ᠽ | ᠽ | ᠽ | z | з | PᠽᠠZA=च=ཙ
PᢋᠠCA=ज=ཛ |
ཙ
ཛ |
/d͡z/ |
ᠾ | ᠾ | ᠾ | ᠾ | h | х | ह | ཧ | /h/ |
ᠿ [note 3] |
ᠿ | — | — | ž | ж | ཞ | /ʐ/, /ɻ/ [note 4] | |
ᡀ [note 5] |
ᡀ | ᡀ | — | lh | лх | ལྷ | /ɬ/ | |
ᡁ [note 6] |
ᡁ | — | — | zh | з | /d͡ʐ/ | ||
ᡂ [note 7] |
ᡂ | — | — | ch | ч | ཋ | /t͡ʂ/ |
... Some of those characters are still in use today for writing foreign names (ᠽdz ᠹf ᠾvh/ᡁh/ᡀlh ᠻk ᠫp ᠼtz ᠿzh)(as listed below),[19]: xxvii–xxviii, 35–36, 39, 54 along with (ᠧvw/ᠸw).[19]: 38 (Xᠺ,ᡂX)
Galig alphabet <ᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ
ᠦᠰᠦᠭ> γaliγ üsüg from Ka-lekah, a compound of the first syllable ka of the Nagari alphabet, and the Sanskrit word for 'writing'.[19]: 35 [7][20]: 302
Final forms: https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17115r-aligali-finals.pdf
Used when transcribing foreign words (originally for h in Tibetan ཧ /ha/, ྷ /-ha/; Sanskrit ह /ha/).[1]: 27-28 [8]: 59
Galik letter; derived from Tibetan preceded by an "Aleph" for initial form.[8]: 59 [12]: 545, 546 [19]: 98
http://babelstone.co.uk/Mongolian/Resources.html[9]
Chinese-specific consonants[14]: 2 | ||
---|---|---|
Mongolian | Romanization | Chinese |
ᠿ[19]: 40 zh | ž | r[i] |
ᡁᠢ[19]: 39 h | zhi | zhi[19]: 39 h |
ᡂᠢ | chi | chī |
https://keyboard.cool/db/old-uyghur/old-uyghur-combining-dot-above
Gimel-Heth | Beth | Aleph |
---|---|---|
𐽲 | 𐽱 | 𐽰 |
Gimel-Heth | Beth | Aleph |
---|---|---|
𐽲 | 𐽱 | 𐽰 |
Ref[21]
https://archive.org/details/cu31924023341112/page/n11/mode/1up
Li2010 Manchu script pages[21]: 20–27
Li2010 Sibe script pages[21]: 298–299
C-V syllables[12]: 551–552 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ba | be | bi | bo | bu | Transliteration[note 8] |
ᠪᠠ | ᠪᡝ | ᠪᡳ | ᠪᠣ | ᠪᡠ | Alone |
ᠪᠠ | ᠪᡝ | ᠪᡳ | ᠪᠣ | ᠪᡠ | Initial |
ᠪᠠ | ᠪᡝ | ᠪᡳ | ᠪᠣ | ᠪᡠ | Medial |
ᠪᠠ | ᠪᡝ | ᠪᡳ | ᠪᠣ | ᠪᡠ | Final |
C-V syllables[12]: 551–552 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ka | ke | ki | ko | kū | Transliteration[note 9] |
ᡴᠠ | ᡴᡝ | ᡴᡳ | ᡴᠣ | ᡴᡡ | Alone |
ᡴᠠ | ᡴᡝ | ᡴᡳ | ᡴᠣ | ᡴᡡ | Initial |
ᡴᠠ | ᡴᡝ | ᡴᡳ | ᡴᠣ | ᡴᡡ | Medial |
ᡴᠠ | ᡴᡝ | ᡴᡳ | ᡴᠣ | ᡴᡡ | Final |
Syllable-final[12]: 551–552 | |
---|---|
k | Transliteration |
ᡴ᠋ | Medial |
1204 – [8]: 7 [26]: XXIX (Mongolia)
1941[26]: 638 (decree on adoption of Cyrillic script)
– 1946[8]: 8 [12]: 545 [5]: 209 (Replaced by the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet in Mongolia)
1937 – [8]: 8 (Buryat Cyrillic, Buryat ASSR)
1648 – [1]: 5 [8]: 7 (Clear Script)
Copyists of Buddhist texts emulated the narrow horizontal page formats of South Asian and Tibetan texts.[27]
Palm-leaf manuscripts.[28]: 77–78
Only in a late form can a definite order of signs be established for the alphabet, but it can likely be derived from an earlier Uyghur model.[2]: 31
Luvsandorj2008: 45–98
South Mongolian order[31]: 53 | a | e | i | o | u | ö | ü | n | b | p | q | k | γ | g | m | l | s | š | t | d | č | ǰ | y | r | v | (f) | (ž) | (c) | (k) | (h) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dictionaries after 1924, Mongolian Republic[31]: 53 | q | k | γ | g | ǰ | y | t | d | m | č | r | s | š | l | v | (f) | (p) | |||||||||||||
1986 primer, Mongolian Republic[5]: 212–214 | (p) | (f) | (z) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Loan consonants are shown in parentheses) |
ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨᠠ᠋ᠭᠤᠯᠠ Altan'aγula
ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠠ᠋ᠭᠤᠯᠠ Batu'aγula
ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠨ᠋ ᠤᠳᠤ → ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠨ᠋᠊᠋ᠤ᠋ᠳᠤ[33]: 15
Jiruken-ü tolta commentary by Danjindagba: ᠱᠠ ᠱᠡ ᠱᠢ ᠱᠣ᠋ ᠱᠤ᠋ ᠱᠥ᠋ ᠱᠦ᠋ [34]
BEFORE? ("((Refn|name=Lessing1960|") OR AFTER? ("|name=Lessing1960))")
"When the interrogative particle u is added , bui becomes buyu , and thus coincides with the emphatic form buyu ."❸[8]: 44
⋱⋱⋱⋱⋱ bold = old ⋱⋱⋱⋱⋱ bold+underlined = new ⋱⋱⋱⋱⋱ | |
A E | Vocative particle a or a‑a, used for addressing people (as in 'oh, master!).❷[1]: 187 ❸[8]: 38
‑a/‑e = "the old dative suffix"❷[1]: 57 "A" interjection – wrongly called a vocative suffix❷[1]: 139 Of like function ‑a.❸[8]: 46 Vocative (аа/ээ aa/ee) postclitic particle ❺[35]: 91 "ЭЭ 1.1. (final vocative particle) hey!, I say!, эгч~ I say, sister! 2. (final corroborative particle) ЭЭ II. (~дээ) oh!, ~балар (~лүд, ~харла) damn!, ~тоогүйдээ (~ламындоодох, ~халаг, ~чааваас) oh my!, oh dear!, what a pity!"❻[18] |
---|---|
Mongolian script multigraphs | As in ᠠᠢ ai (ай ai) 'category; sound, noise'; vocative particle used for addressing people (as in 'oh, master!), or a pity/sympathy/worry-expressing interjection particle.❶[6]: 19 ❸[8]: 38, x41x, x62x(Glossary)
Negating particle <ᠪᠤᠤ>.❹[19]: 79 The concessive, topicalization, contrastive use particle <ᠪᠤᠤ>.❹[19]: 79 buu prohibitive particle❸[8]: x36x, 38! |
ᠪᠡᠷ B | The nominative/emphatic/topicalization particle ᠪᠡᠷ ber is graphically identical with ‑bar/‑ber, but can by contast appear after a word stem ending in a consonant.❷[1]: 185 ❸[8]: 12 ❹[19]: 53
The particle <ᠪᠠ> is similar in function to <ᠪᠤᠤ>.❹[19]: 79 ᠪᠠ ba 'and; we'❸[8]: 36 |
Ö Ü K G | As in the reinforcing/strengthening (emphatic) kü❸[8]: 46 ᠭᠦ⟨?⟩ kü (хүү khüü) particle,❶[6]: 494 ❷[1]: 186 ❸[8]: 46 |
G | There are two harmonic variants of the particle ᠰᠢᠭ᠋⟨?⟩/ᠰᠢᠭ⟨?⟩ siγ/sig (шиг shig) 'similar to, similarly, like' etc. The choice between a final γ or g is dependent on whether it occurs after a masculine or a feminine word, respectively.❶[6]: 699 ❹[19]: 44 ❺[35]: 201 |
ᠯᠠ L | As in the intensifying/generalizing ⟨ᠯᠠ⟩ la/le particle (л l; written ᠡᠯᠡ ele in its older form), or ᠯᠠ la (лаа(н) laa(n)) 'candle'.❶[6]: 308, 513 ❷[1]: 187
лаа 'watt; candle'.❼[5]: (p285 (2014)) ele affirmative particle❸[8]: 66(Glossary) Generalizing particle <ᠡᠯᠡ>.❹[19]: 79 |
ᠳᠠ T D: ⊗ | As in the second person singular/plural pronoun ᠲᠠ ta (та ta) 'you' (plural or polite),❶[6]: 760 ❷[1]: 85–86 ❼[5]: 24 or the colloquial, affirmative, and strengthening/intensifying (emphatic) ⟨ᠳᠠ and ᠳ᠋ᠠ⟩ da/de (даа/дээ/доо/дөө daa/dee/doo/döö) particle used after the predicate, and instead of ǰ‑a.❶[6]: 211 ❷[1]: 187 ❺[35]: 258 ⓫[7]
"emphatic particle" ❸[8]: 34 ??, "intensifying suffix added to nouns" ❸[8]: 81 ?? vuizan e da // üdzne dee // (affirmative da/dee) // 'we shall see' ❺[35]: 293 "ДАА II . (affirmative final particle)"❻[18] |
ᠴᠣ C | As in the strengthening/intensifying (emphatic) and concessive ⟨ᠴᠤ⟩ ču/čü (ч ch) 'also, too, even, as for, as well as; neither, nor' particle,❶[6]: 203 ❷[1]: 185–186 ❸[8]: 46 ᠴᠣᠭᠤ/ᠴᠣ čoγu/čo (цоо tsoo) 'through and through, completely',❶[6]: 193, 195 or ᠼᠦ᠋: bolor toli /ᠴᠦ cü/čü (цүү tsüü) 'spike, bolt'.❶[6]: 209
As in the second person singular pronoun ᠴᠢ či (чи chi) 'thou' (singular 'you' to a child or close friend).[6]: 174 [39]: 13, 85–86 ❼[5]: 24 The colloquial particle <ᠴᠣ> is similar in function to <ᠪᠤᠤ>.❹[19]: 79 |
ᠵᠠ J | As in the interjection ᠵᠠ ǰa (заа zaa) 'all right, yes, very good, well!, now then'.❶[6]: 1018 |
ᠵᠠ⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩ J | ⟨⟩ ǰa[12]: 546
Potentiality particle ⟨⟩.❹[19]: 79 As in ǰ‑a (за/заа za/zaa) 'well, so, allright';❷[1]: 24 ❼[5]: 283 ⓫[7]: ЗАА, ЗА 1 ❻[18]: 299 ЗА emphatic final;❸[8]: 46, 59 ǰ‑a particle expressing presumption, probability,❻[18]: 299 ЗА potentiality ⟨⟩,❹[19]: 79 or hope;❶[6]: 1018 doubt-expressing ǰ‑a particle ('perhaps, maybe'),❷[1]: 186 [41]: 104 and corroborative ǰ‑e particle.[41]: 104
As in the strengthening (emphatic) ǰa particle, which can be Translated as 'indeed, to be sure, certainly'.❸[8]: 46 |
n | γ (ɣ) | d | y | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ᠨ᠋⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩<!- This medial presentation form of NA w/ FVS1 (correctly dotted as of Baiti 5.52/5.53; incorrectly undotted as of Noto 1.04/2.001/2.003) may switch form with that of medial NA w/o it, depending on the typeface. See UTR #54, which lists preliminarily correct variant forms that apply to Unicode 15.1. -> | ᠭ᠋⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩<!- This medial presentation form of GA w/ FVS1 (correctly dotted as of Baiti 5.52/5.53; incorrectly undotted as of Noto 1.04/2.001/2.003) may switch form with that of medial GA w/o it, depending on the typeface. See UTR #54, which lists preliminarily correct variant forms that apply to Unicode 15.1. -> | ᠳ᠋⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩<!- This medial presentation form of DA w/ FVS1 (correctly lamedh-shaped as of Baiti 5.52/5.53, and Noto 2.001/2.003; incorrectly belly-tooth-shaped as of Noto 1.04/2.001/2.003) may switch form with that of medial DA w/o it, depending on the typeface. See UTR #54, which lists preliminarily correct variant forms that apply to Unicode 15.1. -> | ᠶ᠋⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩<!- This medial presentation form of YA w/ FVS1 (correctly with upturn ¿as of Baiti 5.52/5.53?; incorrectly without upturn as of Baiti 5.52/5.53, Noto 1.04/2.001/2.003) may switch form with that of medial YA w/o it, depending on the typeface. See UTR #54, which lists preliminarily correct variant forms that apply to Unicode 15.1. -> | |
ᠨ⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩<!- This medial presentation form of NA w/o FVS1 (correctly undotted as of Baiti 5.52/5.53; incorrectly dotted as of Noto 1.04/2.001/2.003) may switch form with that of medial NA w/ it, depending on the typeface. See UTR #54, which lists preliminarily correct variant forms that apply to Unicode 15.1. -> | ᠭ⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩<!- This medial presentation form of GA w/o FVS1 (correctly undotted as of Baiti 5.52/5.53; incorrectly dotted as of Noto 1.04/2.001/2.003) may switch form with that of medial GA w/ it, depending on the typeface. See UTR #54, which lists preliminarily correct variant forms that apply to Unicode 15.1. -> | ᠳ⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩<!- This medial presentation form of DA w/o FVS1 (correctly belly-tooth-shaped as of Baiti 5.52/5.53, and Noto 2.001/2.003; incorrectly lamedh-shaped as of Noto 1.04/2.001/2.003) may switch form with that of medial DA w/ it, depending on the typeface. See UTR #54, which lists preliminarily correct variant forms that apply to Unicode 15.1. -> | ᠶ⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩<!- This medial presentation form of YA w/o FVS1 (correctly without upturn as of Baiti 5.52/5.53; incorrectly with upturn as of Noto 1.04/2.001/2.003) may switch form with that of medial YA w/ it, depending on the typeface. See UTR #54, which lists preliminarily correct variant forms that apply to Unicode 15.1. -> | Medial (diphthongs) |
ᠨ᠋⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩ | ᠭ᠋⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩ | ᠳ᠋⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩ | ᠶ᠋⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩ | |
ᠨ⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩ | ᠭ⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩ | ᠳ⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩ | ᠶ⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩ | Medial (diphthongs)[19]: 40–42 |
Distinction from other tooth-shaped letters by position in syllable sequence.[citation needed]
As a general rule, the Khalkha palatal stops/affricates (c j) remain before a historical *i but becomes dental sibilant affricates (dz tz) before other vowels.[35]: 41, 43
ᠴ c (Proto-Mongolic *c); ᠵ/ᠵ j/cz (Proto-Mongolic *j).[19]: xxi–xxii, xxvii, 5, 40
Importantly, palatal breaking had a reverse effect on the original palatal stops (sibilant affricates) *c *j, which in the palatalization dialects underwent dentalization before vowels other than *i, e.g. *cag ‘time’ > tsag, *jam ‘road’ > dzam. Before *i, including cases of breaking, the segments *c *j remain phonetically palatal, but in the synchronic system they have become incorporated into the palatalized series, e.g. *cida- ‘to be able’ > *cyada- > c(y)ad-, *jira (: *jira/n) ‘sixty’ > *jyara- > j(y)ar.[19]: 185–186
<!- As in ᠬᠤᠸᠷᠠᠭ/ᠬᠤᠸ᠋ᠷᠠᠭ quvraγ[2][3] or ᠬᠤᠸᠠᠷᠠᠭ quvaraγ 'clergy' [S. sangha; Tib. dge 'dun].[44]: 172, 605 -> (хувраг khuvrag, 僧衆, 仏僧衆, monk, clergy)
⟨ᠬᠤᠸᠠᠷᠠᠭ⟩ 'clergy'.[19]: 38
དགེ་འདུན་ dge 'dun [gendyn] 'Buddhist community'.[12]: 432
འཇར་ཐིག་ 'jar thig ??
Text(?) | Names[2]: 82–83 [34]: 10–11 | 'Transl' | Mongolian English Dictionary[45] |
---|---|---|---|
᠊ᠡ | '[...]' / өргөс örgös / ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠰᠦ örgesü | 'thorn' | ᠳᠤᠰᠤᠯ dusul ДУСАЛ 'dots', specifically the diacritic for the letter transcribed as γ.: 277 ТИТЭМ (crown!) ...
АЦАГ (tooth!) ... ШУД (tooth!) ... НУРУУ back, backbone, spine. The central vertical stroke. СҮҮЛ (tail!) ... ОРХИЦ the separate long final stroke forming a and e. ЦАЦЛАГА the separate long final stroke forming a and e. II; sprinkling, dusting. ШИЛБЭ shin, shin-bones, bones of the lower leg, the "long tooth" in letters such as j and y (also урт шуд). шулуун (straight!) ... урт шуд "long tooth". этгэр turned up, bent upwards. матгар curved, bent. өргөс 1.(~хэргэс) barb, thorn, spine, splinter. өргөстей төмөр утас barbed wire. гогцоо1. loop. хөнхөр hollow eyed and jutted, browed. НУМ the bow-like stroke in letters such as b, k. ГЭДЭС belly, stomach. The loop or belly in letters such as o, b, t. АР back (n.).
ЗАРТИГ The hook or loop on letters such as f,p. ГЭЗЭГ pigtail, queue; the upward or downward hooks for the letters l and m. ЭВЭР horn, antler; the upward or downward hooks for the letters l and m. ДООШ ХАРСАН ЭВЭР downward hook. ДЭЭШ ХАРСАН ЭВЭР upward hook. ЗАВЖ corners of the mouth / the wedge-shaped stroke for the letter s. СЭРЭЭ 1.1.fork. АЦ (fork!) ... СОЁО 1.tusk, fang, caninetooth, eyetooth. ---- ИНХЛЭГ "бага ~"; the final detached n, "их ~" the ligature ng. АНГАРХАЙ gap, crevice, opening. БИТҮҮ closed. БИТУУ ҮСЭГ closed letters such as b???? ШАВЖ the left-facing hook at the foot of certain letters such as о or u in final position in Mongol script. АГШЛАГА the back-series letter g. ЗАДГАЙ open, exposed. "~ ҮЗЭГ" open letters of Mongol Script such as a, e. |
᠊᠊ | '[...]' / гол gol / ᠭᠣᠤᠯ γoul | 'axle, fuse, river' | |
ᠵ | '[...]' / эмийн тэмдэг emiin temdeg / ᠡᠮ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ em‑ün temdeg | ||
ᠶ | '[...]' / дээш эвэртэй шилбэ deesh evertei shilbe / ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢ ᠡᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ degegsi ebertei silbi | 'horns above' | |
ᠸ | '[...]' / доош эвэртэй шилбэ doosh evertei shilbe / ᠳᠣᠭᠤᠭᠰᠢ ᠡᠪᠡᠷᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ doγuγsi ebertü silbi | 'horns down' | |
'[...]' / этгэр шилбэ etger shilbe / ᠡᠲᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ eteger silbi | |||
ᠶ | '[...]' / эртгэр шилбэ ertger shilbe / ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ erteger silbi | 'spines' | |
'[...]' / ятгар шилбэ yatgar shilbe / ᠶᠠᠲᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ yatuγar silbi | 'persuasive shin' | ||
ᠷ | '[...]' / эрвээлжит шилбэ erveeljit shilbe / ᠡᠷᠪᠡᠭᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ erbegelǰin silbi | ||
᠊ᠣ | '[...]' / битүү bitüü / ᠪᠢᠲᠡᠭᠦ bitegü | 'closure' | |
'[...]' / гогцоо gogtsoo / ᠭᠣᠭᠴᠤᠭᠠ γoγčuγa | 'hanger, turban' | ||
ᠳ | '[...]' / ходоод khodood / ᠬᠣᠳᠤᠭᠤᠳᠤ qoduγudu | 'stomach, inside' | |
ᠳ | '[...]' / бага ходоод baga khodood / ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠬᠣᠳᠤᠭᠤᠳᠤ baγa qoduγudu | 'small stomach' | |
ᠲ | '[...]' / их ходоод ikh khodood / ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠣᠳᠤᠭᠤᠳᠤ yeke qoduγudu | 'great stomach' | |
᠊ᠮ | '[...]' / доош эвэр doosh ever / ᠳᠣᠭᠤᠭᠰᠢ ᠡᠪᠡᠷ doγuγsi eber🚩 | 'horn down' | |
᠊ᠯ | '[...]' / дээш эвэр deesh ever / ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢ ᠡᠪᠡᠷ degegsi eber🚩 | 'horn up?' | |
ᠬ | '[...]' / хагархай толгой khagarkhai tolgoi / ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠤᠭᠠᠢ qaγarqai toluγai | 'broken head' | |
'[...]' / ангархай толгой angarkhai tolgoi / ᠠᠩᠠᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠤᠭᠠᠢ angarqai toluγai | 'slit head' | ||
᠊ᠹ | Flaglet, tuft / зартиг zartig / ᠵᠠᠷᠲᠢᠭ ǰartiγ / Tibetan: འཇར་ཋིག།??, Wylie: 'jar-thig | ||
ᠽ | |||
ᠢ | '[...]' / агсвар agsvar / ᠠᠭᠰᠠᠪᠤᠷ aγsabur | ||
ᠵ | '[...]' / эрүү erüü / ᠡᠷᠡᠦ ereü | 'chin, jaw' | |
ᠴ | |||
᠊ᠰ | '[...]' / арын са aryn sa / ᠠᠷᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠ aru‑yin sa | 'back sa' | |
'[...]' / өврийн са övriin sa / ᠥᠪᠦᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠠ öbür‑ün sa |
Components (зурлага)
[46][47][48][49][50][51][52][10]: 29-30, 205 [53][19]: 99 [54]: 536 [55]: 20 [5]: 211-212 |
---|
Small right flourish? (Бага орхиц Baga orhits / ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠣᠷᠬᠢᠴᠠ baγ-a orkiča)❓ |
Left flourish (/ leach)❓ (Урагшлах uragshlakh / ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠ uruγsilaγ-a)❓ |
⟨⟩ Leash^,[56]: 20 Disjoined flourish Цацлага tsatslaga / ᠴᠠᠴᠤᠯᠭᠠ čačulγ-a |
CLAW: LESSING 469 Хумс khums / ᠬᠢᠮᠤᠰᠤ kimusu |
TABLE FORK, PICHFORK, TRIDENT: LESSING 689 (Сэрээ Seree / ᠰᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡ serege) |
Upturned tail? BRISTLING: LESSING 319 (Эрвэгэр сүүл erveger süül / ᠡᠷᠪᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ erbeger segül): LESSING 319 |
⦿ Flame^[57]: 20 ⦿ ТариаТариа[7] taria / ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠ tariy-a 'grain': LESSING 781 ⦿ Битүү bitüü / ᠪᠢᠲᠡᠭᠦᠦ bitegüü 'closed, shut, sealed': LESSING 108 |
Short tail, Hook^[58]: 20 Одой сүүл odoi süül❓ / ᠣᠳᠤᠢ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ odui segül |
STRIKETHROUGH = OLD = FIX SOURCING
Uyghur Mong. Bodhicaryāvatāra 'The Journey to Enlightment' (1312)[42]: 126 | semi-modern Suvarṇaprabhāsa-sūtra / altan gerel kemekü yeke kölgen sudur orošibai '... Golden Ray'[1]: 125 | Pen-written Altan Tobchi 'Golden Summary' (1604)[2]: 74 [4]: 415 | Brush-written (1800s) |
---|---|---|---|
As exemplified in this section, the shapes of glyphs may vary widely between different styles of writing and choice of medium with which to produce them. The development of written Mongolian can be divided into the three periods of pre-classical (beginning – 17th century), classical (16/17th century – 20th century), and modern (20th century onward):[6][1]: 2–3, 17, 23, 25–26 [8]: 58–59 [12]: 539–540, 545–546 [13]: 62–63 [43]: 111, 113–114 [42]: 40–42, 100–101, 117 [19]: 34–37 [59]: 8–11 [5]: 211–215
'Crook' with upturn at the end.[2]: 114
čaγšbd.[2]: 94 čaγšabad 'vow'.[2]: 95
čiγšabd 'monastic vow'[60]: 67
Block‑printed | Pen-written form | Modern brush‑ |
Transliteration(s) & 'translation' | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Uyghur Mong. form | semi-modern forms | |||
sedkil 'thought'[8]: 41 | ||||
As an example, a shin may form part of every letter in ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ǰüil (зүйл züil) 'kind, species, sort, category'.[6]: 1084 [19]: 38
Zain (short tail).[2]: 84
Zain in ulus on early coins of the Mongolian People's Republic.[2]: 85
z[19]: 35
Pen-written forms | Skorodumova | |
---|---|---|
ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ arban 'ten'[61]: 53 | [13] | |
‑ača/ |
[13]: 40, 50 | |
‑un/ |
[13]: 50 | |
‑ud/ |
[13]: 53 | |
ᠪᠠ ba 'and'[62]: 22
ba 'and; we'[63]: 36 |
[13] | |
‑i | [13]: 50 | |
‑yi | [13]: 26–27, 50 | |
‑yin | [13]: 26–27, 50 | |
ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ sayin 'good'[64]: 31
sain[8]: 11 |
[13] | |
yeke 'large, great'[8]: 11
ᠶᠡᠬᠡ 'big'[42]: 131 |
[13] | |
‑u/ |
[13]: 50 | |
ᠪᠢ bi 'I'[65]: 22
bi 'I'[8]: 27 |
[13]: 37 ?? | |
ab (intensifying particle) | [13]: 19 | |
‑a/ |
[13]: 50 | |
‑luγ‑a | [13]: 33, 50 | |
kü (emphatic particle) | [13] | |
köke 'blue'[1]: 9
ᠬᠥᠬᠡ 'blue'[42]: 133 |
[13] | |
köge 'soot' | [13] | |
ǰüg 'direction, side'[8]: 17 | [13] | |
ese es(‑)e 'not, no', (negation)[8]: 38 | <ese>[13]: 43 !! | |
ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ulus 'state'[66]: 23 | [13]: 41 | |
nom 'belief, doctrine, religion'[67]: 41 | [13]: 26 ?? | |
ᠴᠠᠭ čaγ 'time'[68]: 22
čaγ 'time'[8]: 17 |
[13] | |
_uu _üü | [13] | |
X toli X | toli 'mirror' | [13] |
‑daki/‑deki | [13]: ... | |
‑tur/ |
[13]: 31–32, 50 | |
‑dur/ |
[13]: 31–32, 50 | |
metü postposition, 'like'[69]: 27 | [13] | |
čečeg 'flower'[8]: 11
ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ 'flower'[42]: 129 |
[13] | |
qačar/γaǰar 'cheek/place'
ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ γaǰar 'country'[1]: 22 |
[13] | |
ᠰᠠᠷᠠ sara 'moon, month'[70]: 23
ᠰᠠᠷᠠ 'moon'[42]: 136 sara(n) 'moon, month'[71]: 37 |
<sara>or<sar-a>[13]: 43 !! |
Ken 'who, which' with a dotted final n.[8]: 69
ᠰ ᠰ ᠰ ᠷ s s s r 'ussr'.[35]: 733
Shaping when word breaking^[10]: 36
wikt:category:mn:Punctuation marks
︱︔︕·~ ※ (᠁) ︵᠁︶ 〈᠁〉 ︿᠁﹀ 〔᠁〕 ﹇᠁﹈ 《᠁》 ︽᠁︾ ⁈ ⁉
Greatest Common Divisor = 2
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
᠑ | ᠒ | ᠓ | ᠔ | ᠕ | ᠖ | ᠗ | ᠘ | ᠙ | ᠐ |
Mozilla > text-combine-upright > Browser compatibility w3 > vertical text
Tate-chū-yoko
, Horizontal-in-vertical text, or vertical text with embedded horizontal text.Table cells with characters within angle brackets ⟨ᠠ⟩ represents the correct appearance where rendering errors otherwise might occur with certain typefaces or platforms.
...
The correct separated glyphs after mvs and nnbsp appears to not render properly with Webkit browsers (Chrome/Opera) on Android devices (should appear left-swung).
...
Final letterforms with a right-pointing tail (as in those of letters a, e, n, q, γ, m, l, s, š, and d) may have the distinct left-pointing notch preceding it in printed form, instead written as a less tapering or even fully rounded curve in handwriting.
ᠸᠠᠩᠴᠢᠨᠪᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ
ᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨᠤᠰᠢ wangčinbal-un inǰinusi
ᠮᠠ⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩
rrr |
---|
⟨⟩ bbb |
⟨⟩ bbb |
https://bricampgomez.com/blog/how-to-overlap-images-in-css/
n-a
BBB
Line19, bump4 onward
Line19, bump4
بزینک ڛنورعال بولوب ترخان بُولُب
Line20, bump4/crease
توُرڛوُن تِیدِیمیز بو کون دین اِیلکازو قِیرم
Line21, flat/crease
...
Line22, bump5
کنت نینک جواریندا بورُونخی زمان دین
Line23
بِیُو متجدز ترقان بولعان ایندِرجی ڛلاڛی
Line24, crease
...
Line25, bump6
اوغلان لر(...) اِیاکی حاحی محمد وً محمود
Line26, bump6
نی ازاد ترظبو بولپن بوار (...) یِر ڛُو
Line27, underside
...
таталган бичиг 'cursive script'[6]: 787–788
жалжгар ᠠᠯᠵᠢᠭᠠᠷ
Яатгар eg: яатгар хамарт ᠶᠠᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷ
аяга тахимлаг
Spacing: AAA BBB CCC
National University of Mongolia dictionary+font: http://dict.num.edu.mn/
University of Inner Mongolia fonts: http://oyun.mglip.com/mongolfont/index.aspx
ᠡᠮᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ em‑e‑tei‑ben 'together with his own wife'.[1]: 80 | ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠠ bolor‑un‑a (genitive-dative-locative).[1]: 74, 78 | ᠠᠬᠠ ᠯᠤᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ aq‑a‑luγ‑a‑ban.[1]: 81 | ᠪᠯᠠᠮᠠ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠳ (b)lam‑a‑nar‑ud 'lamas' ("a word can take more than one plural suffix").[1]: 73 [19]: 45, 55 |
cf. = confer
A | -suffix | Poppe | Lessing | Skorodumova |
---|---|---|---|---|
☑ | -a (dative-locative) | [1]: 74–75, <77> | [6]: 1 | [13]: 50 |
☐ | -a(½) "vocative" (interjection) | [1]: 138–139 | [6]: 1 | [13]: ... |
☐ | -AI (genitive) | [1]: 78 | [6]: ... | [13]: ... |
☑ | -ača (ablative) | [1]: 75, <76–77> | [6]: xii, 291 | [13]: 40, 50 |
☑ | -ačaγan (ablative) | [1]: 80, <81–82> | [6]: ... | [13]: 51 |
E | -suffix | Poppe | Lessing | Skorodumova |
☐ | -e(½) (dative-locative) | [1]: 74–75, <—> | [6]: 284 | [13]: 50 |
☐ | -e? "vocative" (interjection) | [1]: ... | [6]: 1, 284 | [13]: ... |
☑ | -eče (ablative) | [1]: 75, <76–77> | [6]: xii, 291 | [13]: 40, 50 |
☑ | -ečegen (reflexive-possessive-ablative) | [1]: 80, <81–82> | [6]: 291 | [13]: 51 |
I | -suffix | Poppe | Lessing | Skorodumova |
☑ | -i (accusative) | [1]: 75, <76–77> | [6]: ... | [13]: 50 |
☑ | -iyar (instrumental) | [1]: 76, <77> | [6]: xii, 401 | [13]: 26–27, 50 |
☑ | -iyer (instrumental) | [1]: 76, <86–87> | [6]: xii, 401 | [13]: 26–27, 50 |
☑ | -iyan (genitive, reflexive-possessive, accusative) | [1]: 79, 80–84, <82> | [6]: xii, 401 | [13]: 26, 51 |
☑ | -iyen (genitive, reflexive-possessive, accusative) | [1]: 79, 80–84, <82> | [6]: xii, 401 | [13]: 26, 51 |
U | -suffix | Poppe | Lessing | Skorodumova |
☑ | -u (genitive) | [1]: 73–74, <76–77> | [6]: 433–434, 858 | [13]: 50 |
☑ | -un (genitive) | [1]: 73–74, <77> | [6]: 433–434, 875 | [13]: 50 |
☐ | -ud(½) (plural) | [1]: 72 | [6]: 860 | [13]: 53 |
☐ | -uruγu? | [1]: ... | [6]: 886 | [13]: ... |
☐ | -UBEN | [1]: ... | [6]: — | [13]: ... |
Ü | -suffix | Poppe | Lessing | Skorodumova |
☑ | -ü (genitive) | [1]: 73–74, <86–87> | [6]: 995⎋858&433–434 | [13]: 50 |
☑ | -ün (genitive) | [1]: 73–74, <86–87> | [6]: 433–434, 875 | [13]: 50 |
☐ | -ügei? | [1]: ... | [6]: 997 (adj&adv) | [13]: ... |
☐ | -üd(½) (plural) | [1]: 72 | [6]: 860 | [13]: 53 |
☐ | -ÜBEN | [1]: ... | [6]: — | [13]: ... |
N | -suffix | Poppe | Lessing | Skorodumova |
☑ | -nar (plural) | [1]: 69 | [6]: 565 | [13]: 14, 53 |
☐ | -ner (plural) | [1]: 69 | [6]: — | [13]: 14, 53 |
☐ | NI | [1]: ... | [6]: 577 | [13]: ... |
☑ | -nuγud (plural) | [1]: 72 | [6]: 594 | [13]: 53 |
☑ | -nügüd (plural) | [1]: 72 | [6]: 594, 597⎋594 | [13]: 53 |
B | -suffix | Poppe | Lessing | Skorodumova |
☑ | -ban (reflexive-possessive, accusative?, ablative?) | [1]: 79–80, <80–84> | [6]: — | [13]: 17, 51 |
☑ | -ben (reflexive-possessive, accusative?, ablative?) | [1]: 79–80, <80–82> | [6]: 98 | [13]: 17, 51 |
☑ | -bar (instrumental) | [1]: <76–77> | [6]: xii, 98 | [13]: 17, 50 |
☑ | -ber (instrumental) | [1]: <76–77> | [6]: xii, 98 | [13]: 17, 50 |
K | -suffix | Poppe | Lessing | Skorodumova |
☑ | -ki (case-bound possession) | [1]: ... | [6]: 462 | [13]: ... |
☐ | -kin (case-bound possession) | [1]: ... | [6]: n/a | [13]: ... |
G | -suffix | Poppe | Lessing | Skorodumova |
☐ | -GI non-classical colloquial (accusative) | [1]: 75 | [6]: — | [13]: ... |
☐ | -GIYIN colloquial (genitive) | [1]: 74 | [6]: — | [13]: ... |
M | -suffix | Poppe | Lessing | Skorodumova |
☐ | MINI (personal possessive?) | [1]: ... | [6]: 539 | [13]: ... |
☐ | MINU (personal possessive?) | [1]: ... | [6]: 539 | [13]: ... |
L | -suffix | Poppe | Lessing | Skorodumova |
☐ | -LAR/-LER non-classical (comitative-instrumental) | [1]: 78 | [6]: n/a | [13]: ... |
☑ | -luγ-a (comitative) | [1]: <76–77> | [6]: 517 | [13]: 33, 50 |
☑ | -lüge (comitative) | [1]: <76–77> | [6]: 518⎋517 | [13]: 33, 50 |
T | -suffix | Poppe | Lessing | Skorodumova |
☐ | -ta non-classical (dative-locative) | [1]: 75, <—> | [6]: — | [13]: ... |
☐ | -te non-classical (dative-locative) | [1]: 75, <—> | [6]: — | [13]: ... |
☑ | -ta (multiplicative) | [1]: ... | [6]: 760 | [13]: ... |
☑ | -te (multiplicative) | [1]: ... | [6]: 760 | [13]: ... |
☑ | -tača mainly pre-classical (dative-locative + ablative) | [1]: 78 | [6]: 762⎋215 | [13]: ... |
☑ | -teče mainly pre-classical (dative-locative + ablative) | [1]: 78 | [6]: 790⎋215 | [13]: ... |
☑ | -taki | [1]: 41 | [6]: 770⎋223 | [13]: ... |
☑ | -teki | [1]: 41 | [6]: 770⎋223 | [13]: ... |
☑ | -tai (comitative) | [1]: 76, <82–84> | [6]: 767 | [13]: 33, 50 |
☑ | -tei (comitative) | [1]: 76, <82> | [6]: 767 | [13]: 33, 50 |
☑ | -taγan (dative-locative) | [1]: 79, <81, 83> | [6]: 764⎋218 | [13]: 51 |
☑ | -tegen (dative-locative) | [1]: 79 | [6]: 793⎋218 | [13]: 51 |
☐ | -tayiγan (reflexive+comitative) | [1]: ... | [6]: — | [13]: 51 |
☐ | -teyigen (reflexive+comitative) | [1]: ... | [6]: — | [13]: 51 |
☑ | -tu non-classical (dative-locative) | [1]: 75, <77> | [6]: 838⎋274 | [13]: 31–32, 50 |
☑ | -tü non-classical (dative-locative) | [1]: 75, <—> | [6]: 848⎋274 | [13]: 31–32, 50 |
☑ | -tur (dative-locative) | [1]: 74–75, <77> | [6]: 843⎋274 | [13]: 31–32, 50 |
☑ | -tür (dative-locative) | [1]: 74–75, <86–87> | [6]: 854⎋274 | [13]: 31–32, 50 |
D | -suffix | Poppe | Lessing | Skorodumova |
☐ | -da non-classical (dative-locative) | [1]: 75, <—> | [6]: — | [13]: ... |
☐ | -de non-classical (dative-locative) | [1]: 75, <—> | [6]: — | [13]: ... |
☑ | -dača mainly pre-classical (dative-locative + ablative) | [1]: 78 | [6]: 215 | [13]: ... |
☑ | -deče mainly pre-classical (dative-locative + ablative) | [1]: 78 | [6]: 240⎋215 | [13]: ... |
☑ | -daki | [1]: 41 | [6]: 223 | [13]: ... |
☑ | -deki | [1]: 41 | [6]: 223 | [13]: ... |
☐ | -daγ (regular action) | [1]: ... | [6]: n/a | [13]: 32(n/a) |
☐ | -deg (regular action) | [1]: ... | [6]: n/a | [13]: 32(n/a) |
☑ | -daγan (dative-locative) | [1]: 79, <81–83> | [6]: 218 | [13]: 51 |
☑ | -degen (dative-locative) | [1]: 79, <81–82> | [6]: 243⎋218 | [13]: 51 |
☑ | -duγar (ordinal) | [1]: ... | [6]: 270 | [13]: ... |
☑ | -düger (ordinal) | [1]: ... | [6]: 278⎋270 | [13]: ... |
☑ | -du non-classical (dative-locative) | [1]: 75, <76–77> | [6]: 270⎋274 | [13]: 31–32, 50 |
☑ | -dü non-classical (dative-locative) | [1]: 75, <76–77> | [6]: 270⎋274 | [13]: 31–32, 50 |
☑ | -dur (dative-locative) | [1]: 74–75, <76–77> | [6]: 274 | [13]: 31–32, 50 |
☑ | -dür (dative-locative) | [1]: 74–75, <76–77>, <86–87> | [6]: 274 | [13]: 31–32, 50 |
Č | -suffix | Poppe | Lessing | Skorodumova |
☐ | -ČA pre-classical (ablative) | [1]: 75 | [6]: n/a | [13]: ... |
☐ | -ČE pre-classical (ablative) | [1]: 75 | [6]: n/a | [13]: ... |
☐ | -ČI (personal possessive) | [1]: ... | [6]: — | [13]: ... |
Y | -suffix | Poppe | Lessing | Skorodumova |
☑ | -yi (accusative) | [1]: 75, <76–77> | [6]: — | [13]: 26–27, 50 |
☐ | -YIGI non-classical colloquial (accusative) | [1]: 75 | [6]: — | [13]: ... |
☑ | -yin (genitive) | [1]: 73–74, <76–77> | [6]: 433–434 | [13]: 26–27, 50 |
☑ | -yuγan (genitive, reflexive-possessive accusative) | [1]: 79–80, <82> | [6]: 437 | [13]: 51 |
☑ | -yügen (genitive, reflexive-possessive accusative) | [1]: 79–80, <82> | [6]: 437 | [13]: 51 |
nscriptions, manuscripts, or printed texts in 'Phags-pa or Mongolian script.[74][75][76]
Image | Title | Year | Script | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stele of Yisüngge / Чингисийн чулууны бичиг 'Stone of Chinggis Khaan' | 1224/1225–70 | Mongolian | [42]: 126 [19]: 33 [note 14] | |
Edict of Töregene, Purple Subtlety Palace (Ziwei Gong 紫微宫), Mount Wangwu [4] | 1240 | Mongolian | [78][note 15][note 16] | |
Edict of Möngke Khan | 1257 | Mongolian | [79][42]: 126 [80] | |
Edict of Kublai Khan, Shaolin Monastery | 1261 | Mongolian | ||
Edict of Kublai Khan 2, Shaolin Monastery | 1268 | Mongolian | ||
Juyongguan inscription | 1345 | 'Phags-pa | ||
[10]: 52 | Rock Inscription of Tsogt Taij | 1624 | Mongolian | [81] |
Epitaph/inscription in memory of Chang Yingrui (張應瑞 Zhāng Yìngruì) | 1335 | Sino-Mongolian | [82]: 389 | |
Mongolian | [42]: 126 | |||
[5] | Inscription in memory of Jigüntei | 1338 | Mongolian | [42]: 126 |
Inscription of Arug, prince of Yunnan | 1340 | Mongolian | [42]: 126 | |
興元閣 Xīngyuángé inscription | 1346 | Mongolian | [42]: 126 | |
Inscription of the buddhist shrine in Karakorum | 1346 | Mongolian | [82]: 389 [2]: 194 | |
Prince Hümegei's inscription | 1348 | Mongolian | [2]: 194 | |
Inscription in memory of prince Hindu | 1368 | Mongolian | [42]: 126 | |
[note 17] | The Sino-Mongolian Edict of 1453, Topkapi palace(ref!) | 1453 | (Sino-?)Mongolian | |
Mount Wutai monasteries inscriptions | Mongolian | [83] | ||
Arǰai Grotto | inscriptionsMongolian |
nscriptions, manuscripts, or printed texts in 'Phags-pa or Mongolian script.[74][75][76]
Image | Title | Year | Script | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
The Secret History of the Mongols | 1228 | Mongolian, Sino-Mongolian | [82]: 390 [42]: 127 [92] | |
Mahakali hymn | 1305 / early 14th century | Mongolian | [82]: 394 [42]: 127 [93] | |
Altan debter 'Golden Book' | n/a | [82]: 390 | ||
'Record of the Campaigns Led Personally by the Holy Brave Emperor' | n/a | Chinese translation | [82]: 390 | |
[6] | Birch-bark Manuscript of the Golden Horde | , and also of others found in Mongolia.1240s? | Mongolian | [82]: 394 [94]: 82 |
Abaga's letter | 1267/89 | [42]: 126 | ||
Argun's letter to Philippe le Bel | 1289 | [42]: 126 | ||
Argun's letter to Pope Nicholas IV | 1290 | [42]: 126 | ||
Qasan's letter to Pope Bonifacius VIII | 1302 | [42]: 126 | ||
Öljeitü's letter to Philippe le Bel | 1305 | [42]: 126 | ||
Bodhisaduva-nar-un yabudal-dur oroqui | 1305 | [91]: 883 | ||
Translation of the Book of Filial Piety (¿Achlalt Nom?) | 1307 | [42]: 126 | ||
The Mongolian translation of Bodhicaryāvatāra 'The Journey to Enlightment' xylograph with included commentary by Čosgi Odsir 'Light of Doctrine' (Middle Mong.; Khalkha Mong.: ... Choiji-Odser/Osor; Tib.: Chhos-kyi 'od-zer) | 1312 | Mongolian | [82]: 394 [2]: 25, 274, ¿193? [42]: 126 [91]: 883 | |
Il-Khan Busayid edict | 1320 | Mongolian | [2]: 193 | |
Kebek edict | 1326 | Mongolian | [2]: 193 | |
Banzragch sutra (¿Pancharaksha Sutra?) | early 14th century | |||
Hua–Yi yiyu | 1389 | Sino-Mongolian | [42]: 127 | |
Muqaddimat al-adab | 14th century | Arabic Mongolian | [42]: 127 | |
The Alexander Romance manuscript fragments | 14th century | Mongolian | [82]: 394 [42]: 127 | |
Block-printed Makhagaliin Magtaal / Mahākāli hymn by Chosgi Odsir | 14th century, early | Mongolian | [91]: 883 [82]: 394 | |
Printed Mongolian version of the Suvarnaprabhāsottamasūtrendrarāja 'Sutra of Golden Beam' (-ṇ?-) | 1578/9 | [2]: 194 | ||
Altan Khans letter | 1580 | Mongolian | [42]: 127 | |
Ming dynasty edicts | 15th century | Mongolian | [42]: 127 | |
Шар тууж 'Yellow story ' | 17th century | |||
Altan Tobchi / Altan tobči 'Golden Summary' Remarks on the Cinggis Qaghan-u Altan Tobci | 17th century | Mongolian | [82]: 390 [82]: 887 [2]: 74 | |
Köke sudur | ||||
Erdeni tunumal neretü sudur orusiba | ||||
Erdeni-yin tobči 'Precious Summary' (historical) | 1662 | [82]: 887 | ||
Bolor erike 'Crystal Rosary' (historical) | 1774–1775 | [82]: 887 | ||
Болор толь Bolor toli 'Crystal Mirror' (historical) | 1834–1837 | [82]: 887 |
🞮 [14] 🢂1/3 EKIMn2006 — Mongolian transliterations [14]
🞮 [14] 🢂2/3 EKIMn2006 — Mongolian transliterations [14]
🞮 [14] 🢂3/3 EKIMn2006 — Mongolian transliterations [14]
🞮 [99] 🢂 (Techreport 2017) [100]
🞮 [101] 🢂1/2 Biligsaikhan2011 — A Study of Traditional Mongolian Script Encodings and Rendering: Use of Unicode in OpenType fonts [101]
🞮 [101] 🢂2/2 Biligsaikhan2011 — A Study of Traditional Mongolian Script Encodings and Rendering: Use of Unicode in OpenType fonts [101]
🞮 [105] 🢂1/2 Report170(1999) — UNU/IIST Report No. 170 [105](✱Sa (Mongolic)✱)
🞮 [105] 🢂2/2 Report170(1999) — UNU/IIST Report No. 170 [105](✱Sa (Mongolic)✱)
🞮 [106] 🢂1/3 [...] — Keyboard layout [107]
🞮 [108] 🢂2/3 [...] — Keyboard layout [108] (*where* is there a need for repeted use?)
🞮 [109] 🢂3/3 [...] — Keyboard layout [110]
🞮 [111] 🢂 LinguaMnGrammar [111]
🞮 [112] ● [113] (✱E (Mongolic)✱)
🞮 [114] 🢂 (Buryat letter) [115] (✱Cha (Mongolic)✱)
🤖🤖<ref name="...">((Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date= |year= |title= |url= |access-date= |website= |publisher= |language=))🤖🤖(auto)
🞮 (International Conference on ... 1998) [116] 🢂 (International Conference on ... 1998) [117]
🞮 Shagdarsueren2001 — Study of Mongolian Scripts [10] 🢂 Shagdarsueren2001 — Study of Mongolian Scripts [10] (✱No http link✱)
🞮 LinguaMnScript2011 [48] 🢂 LinguaMnScript2011 [48]
🞮 Suffixes(2017) [118] 🢂 Suffixes(2017) [118] "PROPOSAL Encode Mongolian Suffix Connector (U+180F) To Replace Narrow Non-Breaking Space (U+202F)" (PDF). UTC Document Register for 2017. 2017-01-15.
🞮 UCCoreSpec(2017) [54] 🢂 UCCoreSpec(2017) [54]
🞮 [119]
🞮 [74]
🞮 CJVLang2013 [30] 🢂 CJVLang2013 [30]
🞮 Bolorsoft2018 .....................[120] 🞮 Bolorsoft2018 .....................[121] 🢂 Bolorsoft2018 [34]
🞮 [122]
🞮 [123]
🞮 [124]
🞮 LinguaMnGrammar [111] 🢂 LinguaMnGrammar [111]
🞮 [125]
🞮 [126]
🞮 [127]
🞮 [128]
🞮 [129]
🞮 EKIMn2006 — Mongolian transliterations [14])) 🢂 EKIMn2006 — Mongolian transliterations [14]
🞮 [130]
🞮 Tang, Didi (20 March 2020). "Mongolia abandons Soviet past by restoring alphabet". The Times. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
🢂 Lessing1960 — Mongolian-English Dictionary[6]
🢂 Poppe1974 — Grammar of Written Mongolian [1]
🢂 Grønbech1993 — An Introduction to Classical (literary) Mongolian: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, Glossary [8]
🢂 Daniels1996 — The World's Writing Systems [12]
🢂 Chiodo2000 — The Mongolian Manuscripts on Birch Bark from Xarbuxyn Balgas in the Collection of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences [41]
🢂 Skorodumova2000 — Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык [13]
Treasures of the Yenching [132]
🢂 Sanders2003 — Historical Dictionary of Mongolia (Sanders) [29]
🢂 Clauson2005 — Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics [43]
🢂 Kara2005 — Books of the Mongolian Nomads [2]
🢂 Svantesson2005 — The Phonology of Mongolian [42]
🢂 Janhunen2006 — The Mongolic Languages [19]
🢂 Baumann2008 — Divine Knowledge: Buddhist Mathematics According to the Anonymous Manual of Mongolian Astrology and Divination [44]
🢂 ...2008 — Einführung in die mongolischen Schriften [133]
🢂 Luvsandorj2008 — Diacritic marks in the Mongolian script and the 'darkness of confusion of letters' [31]
🢂 Berkwitz2009 — Buddhist Manuscript Cultures: Knowledge, Ritual, and Art [28]
🢂 Sanders2010 — Historical Dictionary of Mongolia [26]
🢂 Janhunen2012 — Mongolian [35]
🢂 Bawden2013 — Mongolian English Dictionary [18]
🢂 Shepherd2013 — Learn World Calligraphy [27]
🢂 Sanders2014 — Colloquial Mongolian: The Complete Course for Beginners [134]: 395 (✱Only used in Mongolian script multigraphs✱)
🢂 Sanders2015 — Colloquial Mongolian: The Complete Course for Beginners [5]
🢂 Unicode15ch13(2022) [135]
Azu,Vedi,Glagol,Dobro,Est,Zhivete,Zelo,Zemlia,Izhe,Izhei,Dje,Kako,Ludi,Myslete,Nash,Onu,Pokoi,Rtsi,Slovo,Tverdo,Uk,Fert,Kher,Omega,Tsi,Cherv,Sha,Back-Yer,Yery,Yer,Yat,Iotated-A,Iotated-E,Yu,Big-Yus,Iotated-Big-Yus,Yusu-Maliy,Iotated-Lesser-Yus,Ksi,Psi,Fita,Izhitsa,Koppa.
Ustav | Poluustav | Modern Cyrillic |
---|---|---|
Transliteration | Text[note 18] |
---|---|
bt | ⴱ⵿ⵜ |
gt | ⴳ⵿ⵜ |
g't | ⴶ⵿ⵜ |
z't | ⵌ⵿ⵜ |
lt | ⵍ⵿ⵜ |
mt | ⵎ⵿ⵜ |
nk | ⵏ⵿ⴾ |
nt | ⵏ⵿ⵜ |
rt | ⵔ⵿ⵜ |
st | ⵙ⵿ⵜ |
cht | ⵛ⵿ⵜ |
bt | ⴱ⵿ⵜ | |
---|---|---|
gt | ⴳ⵿ⵜ | |
g't | ⴶ⵿ⵜ | |
ft | ⴼ⵿ⵜ | |
ht | ⵀ⵿ⵜ | |
z't | ⵌ⵿ⵜ | |
lt | ⵍ⵿ⵜ | |
mt | ⵎ⵿ⵜ | |
mh | ⵎ⵿ⵀ | |
ms | ⵎ⵿ⵙ |
ⵏ⵿ⴴ | ⵏ⵿ⴶ | ⵏ⵿ⴸ | ⵏ⵿ⴹ | ⵏ⵿ⴼ | ⵏ⵿ⴾ | ⵏ⵿ⵀ | ⵏ⵿ⵌ | ⵏ⵿ⵗ | ⵏ⵿ⵙ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nghh | nj | ndh | ndd | nf | nk | nh | nzh | ngh | ns |
ⵏ⵿ⵜ | ⵏ⵿ⵤ | ⵓ⵿ⵜ | ⵔ⵿ⵜ | ⵙ⵿ⵏ | ⵙ⵿ⵜ | ⵛ⵿ⵜ | ⵜ⵿ⵙ | ⵢ⵿ⵜ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nt | nz | ut | rt | sn | st | cht | ts | yt |
http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/art-search-e.htm
c:Category:Dialogues of Roman Life
Maxentius#Discovery of Imperial insignia (three lances and four javelins )
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Greek_uncial_letters
Ligatures |
---|
παρα παρα αὐτῷ αὐτῷ ος ος γα γα τς τς αι αι υι υι υι υι πς πς γς γς σχ σχ γν γν τοὺς τοὺς μαι μαι ται ται |
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