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((short description|Dialects and descendants of American Sign Language))
((cleanup|reason= Cite error: Invalid ref tag; name "Glottolog" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).|date=February 2016))
[[File:ASL map (world).png|thumb|Varieties and descendants of ASL are used throughout the Caribbean, West and Central Africa, and Southeast Asia]]
'''[[American Sign Language]]''' (ASL) developed in the United States, starting as a blend of local sign languages and [[French Sign Language]] (FSL).<ref>((Cite web |date=2021-10-29 |title=What Is American Sign Language (ASL)? ((!)) NIDCD |url=https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/american-sign-language |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=www.nidcd.nih.gov |language=en))</ref> Local varieties have developed in many countries, but there is little research on which should be considered dialects of ASL (such as Bolivian Sign Language) and which have diverged to the point of being distinct languages (such as Malaysian Sign Language).

The following are sign language varieties of ASL in countries other than the US and Canada, languages based on ASL with [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratum]] influence from local sign languages, and [[mixed language]]s in which ASL is a component. Distinction follow political boundaries, which may not correspond to linguistic boundaries.

==Bolivian Sign Language==
((Infobox language
|name=Bolivian Sign Language
|altname=Lengua de Señas Bolivianas LSB
|states=Bolivia
|speakers=22,600
|date=2008
|ref=<ref name="BSL">((e25|bvl|Bolivian Sign Language))</ref>
|familycolor=sign
|fam1=[[French Sign Language family|French Sign]]
|fam2=[[American Sign Language|American Sign]]
|iso3=bvl
|glotto=boli1236
|glottorefname=Bolivian Sign Language
|glottofoot=no
|ELP=7002
|ELPname=Bolivian Sign Language
))
Bolivian Sign Language (Lengua de Señas Bolivianas, LSB) is a dialect of [[American Sign Language]] (ASL) used predominantly by the Deaf in Bolivia.

===History===
In 1973, [[American Sign Language]] was brought to Bolivia by Eleanor and Lloyd Powlison, missionaries from the United States.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/2000/08-August/newsarticle_0857.html/ |title=School for the Deaf Faces Hostile Takeover |date=Aug 18, 2000 |access-date=Jun 29, 2015 |publisher=World Watch Monitor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629205617/https://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/2000/08-August/newsarticle_0857.html/ |archive-date=June 29, 2015))</ref> An indigenous sign language (or perhaps sign languages) existed before the introduction and adoption of American Sign Language, though it is unknown how widespread or unified it was.<ref name="Holbrook2009">((Cite web |last=Holbrook |first=David|date=2009|publisher=SIL International |title=Bolivia Deaf Community and Sign Language Pre-Survey Report |url=http://ftp.sil.org/silesr/2009/silesr2009-002.pdf ))</ref>

The first book of LSB was published in 1992, but more than 90% of the signs were from ASL.<ref name="CGG">((cite web|url=http://cgg.deaf.ch/Artikel/Bolivien/112 |title=Projektinformationen: Bericht von Carole Collaud, 1. Teil|language=de|last=Collaud|first=Carole|access-date=June 29, 2015))</ref> Due to research work in the 1990s and 2000s a lot of expressions in LSB were collected by Bolivian Deaf, and education materials for learning LSB or teaching in LSB were published. The dependence on words used in ASL was reduced, but the usage of ASL words still is over 70%.

Today LSB is used by more deaf Bolivians than the reported 400 in 1988 in the ''[[Ethnologue]]'' report,<ref name="BSL"/> due to the introduction of bilingual education (LSB as primary language and Spanish as secondary language) originally in [[Riberalta]] and its adoption to other schools in Bolivia with the support of the Education Ministry of Bolivia and the growing social exchange of the Deaf.

In 1988, there were a total of 9 deaf institutions in the country and 46,800 deaf Bolivians.<ref name="BSL"/> In 2002 there were approximately 25 deaf schools.<ref name="CGG" />

==Burundian Sign Language==
((Infobox language
|name=Burundian Sign Language
|altname=Langue des Signes Burundaise
|states=[[Burundi]]
|speakers=5,000 (2020) to estimated 35,000–70,000
|date=2021
|ref=<ref>((e25|lsb|Burundian Sign Language))</ref>
|familycolor=sign
|fam1=[[American Sign Language|American Sign]]
|iso3=lsb
|glotto=buru1325
|glottoname=Burundi Sign Language
|glottofoot=no
))
Burundian Sign Language (LSB) is the national sign language of Burundi's Deaf community. It dates from [[Andrew Foster (educator)|Andrew Foster]]'s introduction of ASL into Burundi, but has diverged since. Mouthing and initialization are mostly based on French. ASL signers from the US are reported to have a hard time understanding videos in LSB, and LSB signers have a hard time understanding ASL videos, and Burundian Deaf consider their language to be distinct from ASL and from neighboring sign languages, such as [[Ugandan Sign Language|Ugandan]] and [[Rwandan Sign Language|Rwandan Sign]].<ref>((Cite web |title=Request for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2020/2020-022.pdf |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=iso639-3.sil.org))</ref>
((clear))

==Costa Rican Sign Language==
((Infobox language
|name=Costa Rican Sign Language
|altname=New Costa Rican Sign Language
|states=[[Costa Rica]]
|speakers=estimated 10,000&ndash;20,000
|date=2021
|ref=<ref>((e25|csr|Costa Rican Sign Language))</ref>
|familycolor=sign
|family=Creole of [[American Sign Language|American Sign]] ([[French Sign Language family|French family]]) and [[Old Costa Rican Sign Language|Old Costa Rican Sign]]
|iso3=csr
|glotto=cost1249
|glottorefname=Costa Rican Sign Language
|glottofoot=no
))
Costa Rican Sign Language, also known New Costa Rican Sign Language or Modern Costa Rican Sign Language, is the national [[sign language]] of [[Costa Rica]]'s [[Deaf community]]. It is used primarily by people born after 1960, and is about 60% cognate with [[American Sign Language]] (Woodward 1991, 1992). It is unrelated to two known village sign languages of Costa Rica, [[Bribri Sign Language]] and [[Brunca Sign Language]].<ref>James Woodward, 1991, "Sign Language Varieties in Costa Rica", in ''Sign Language Studies'' 73, p.&nbsp;329-346</ref><ref>Gaurav Mathur & Donna Jo Napoli, 2010, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bx-xe6fFrdcC&q=NCRSL&pg=PA43 Deaf around the World: The Impact of Language], [[Oxford University Press]], page 43</ref>
((clear))

==Dominican Sign Language==
((Infobox language
|name=Dominican Sign Language
|altname=
|states=[[Dominican Republic]]
|speakers=estimated 21,000–43,000
|date=2021
|ref=<ref>((e25|doq|Dominican Sign Language))</ref>
|familycolor=sign
|fam1=[[French Sign Language family|French Sign]]
|fam2=[[American Sign Language|American Sign]]
|iso3=doq
|glotto=domi1236
|glottorefname=Dominican Sign Language
|glottofoot=no
))
Dominican Sign Language(DGS) is a local variant of American Sign Language(ASL) used in the Dominican Republic. Many deaf Dominicans use [[home sign]], and are not fluent in Dominican Sign Language.

Dominican Sign Language originated from French Sign Language (LSF), which was introduced to Dominica by French missionaries and combined with local gesture traditions. Therefore, it has many similarities with French Sign Language.


There may also be some differences in grammatical structure between Dominican Sign Language and American Sign Language. For example, there may be differences in sentence structure, verb morphology, and word order.
((clear))

==Francophone African Sign Language==
((No footnotes|date=April 2013|section))
((Infobox language
|name=Francophone African Sign Language
|altname=
|states=Ivory Coast, Benin, Cameroon, Gabon, and other areas of [[Francophone West Africa|Francophone West]] and Central Africa
|speakers=12,500 in Benin (2008), 100,000 / est. 60,000–120,000 in Burkina Faso (2021), est. 14,000–28,000 in CAR (2021), est. 16,000–32,000 in Congo (2021), 2,000 (2008) to 7,000 (2021) in Gabon, est. 38,000–76,000 in Guinea (2021),<ref>((e25|gus))</ref> est. 77,000–155,000 in Ivory Coast (2021), est. 20,000&ndash;35,000 in Mali (2021), est. 24,000–48,000 in Togo (2021), no data elsewhere
|date=
|ref=<ref name="ASL">((e25|ase|ASL))</ref>
|familycolor=sign
|fam1=[[French Sign Language family|French Sign]]
|fam2=[[American Sign Language|American Sign]]
|iso3=none
|lc1=gus|ld1=Guinean Sign Language
|glotto3=lang1335
|glottoname3=Langue des Signes Zairoise 
|glotto2=guin1250
|glottoname2=Guinean Sign Language
|glottofoot=no
))
Francophone African Sign Language (''((lang|fr|Langue des signes d'Afrique francophone))'', or LSAF) is the variety, or varieties, of [[American Sign Language]] (ASL) used in several francophone countries of Africa. Education for the deaf in these countries is based on ASL and written [[French language|French]]; there is therefore a French influence on the language of the classroom.<ref>((cite web|url=http://aasl.aacore.jp/wiki/Francophone_African_Sign_Language |title=Francophone African Sign Language - AASL |publisher=Aasl.aacore.jp |access-date=2012-05-21))</ref>

With the exception of [[Algerian Sign Language]], the sign languages of [[francophone Africa]] are unrelated to [[French Sign Language]], except indirectly through their derivation from ASL. This is because most schools for the deaf in the region were founded by the American missionary [[Andrew Foster (educator)|Andrew Foster]] or by his students, starting in 1974. [[Chadian Sign Language]] may be closest to [[Nigerian Sign Language]]. A few countries have languages unrelated to either: [[Madagascar Sign Language]] derives from Norwegian SL, and [[Tunisian Sign Language]] is apparently a language isolate.((cn|date=December 2022))

The relationship of LSAF to standard American Sign Language has not been systematically assessed.<ref name="ASL"/> For instance, Gabonese Sign Language has diverged and may be a separate language,<ref name="ASL"/> and Togo Sign Language is not mutually intelligible with standard American Sign Language.<ref name="ASL"/>

===Characteristics===
As in other African derivations of ASL, the language has been affected by local gestures and conventions. This is especially true of taboo topics such as sex (Dalle 1996).

As an example of the French influence on francophone ASL, the word for 'she' is made by pointing with an L-shaped hand, rather than with a simple index finger, because the name of the letter el is homonymous with ''elle'' ('she') in French. It is not clear to what extent such influence continues outside the classroom.

===Location===
Francophone African countries which use ASL as the language of Deaf instruction are:
*Senegal
*Mauritania
*Mali
*Guinea
*Ivory Coast
*Burkina Faso
*Togo
*Benin
*Niger
*Chad (from Nigeria)
*Central African Republic
*Gabon
*Republic of Congo (Brazzaville; from Nigeria)
*Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa; [[French Sign Language]] is also used)
*Burundi
*Morocco
((clear))

==Haitian Sign Language==
((Infobox language
| name             = Haitian Sign Language
| altname          = Langue des Signes Haïtienne
| states           = [[Haiti]]
| speakers         = 40,000
| date             = 2008
| ref              = <ref name="ASL"/>
| familycolor      = sign
| fam1             = [[French Sign Language family|French Sign]]
| fam2             = [[American Sign Language|American Sign]]
| iso3exception    = dialect
| glotto           = hait1245
| glottorefname    = Haitian Sign Language
| glottofoot       = no
))
((Expand section|date=August 2022))
While [[American Sign Language]] is sometimes used in the [[Haitian Deaf community,]] it is not the most prominent in [[Haiti]].  The local variant, Haitian Sign Language, or [[LSH (Langue des Signes Haïtienne)|LSH (''Langue des Signes Haïtienne'')]], is the sign language variant most often used. There are 5 government-run schools for Deaf children, and LSH is used and spread through these schools and other social areas for the Deaf community. Historically, LSH has not been widely documented or recognized, leading to the creation of the [[LSHDoP]],  the Haitian Sign Language Documentation Project. This project is run by the Haitian Deaf Community, in collaboration with [[Gallaudet University]].<ref>((Cite journal |last=Hochgesang |first=Julie A. |last2=Mcauliff |first2=Kate |date=2016 |title=An Initial Description of the Deaf Community in Haiti and Haitian Sign Language (LSH) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/18/article/606232 |journal=Sign Language Studies |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=227–294 |doi=10.1353/sls.2016.0003 |issn=1533-6263))</ref>
((clear))

==Ghanaian Sign Language==
((Infobox language
|name=Ghanaian Sign Language
|altname=
|states=[[Ghana]]
|speakers=estimated 91,000–182,000
|date=2021
|ref=<ref name="GSL"/>
|familycolor=sign
|fam1=[[French Sign Language family|French Sign]]
|fam2=[[American Sign Language|American Sign]]
|iso3=gse
|glotto=ghan1235
|glottorefname=Ghanaian Sign Language
|glottofoot=no
))
[[File:Ghanaian sign language interpreter working at University of Education Winneba.jpg|thumb|Ghanaian Sign Language in action]]
Ghanaian Sign Language is the national sign language of deaf people in [[Ghana]], descended from [[American Sign Language]].<ref name="GSL">((e25|gse|Ghanaian Sign Language))</ref><ref>Edward, Mary. 2014. The Phonology and Morphology of Ghanaian Sign Language. Atelier International sign language workshop at the Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire on 24th July. 2014</ref> It was introduced in 1957 by [[Andrew Foster (educator)|Andrew Foster]], a deaf African-American missionary, as there had been no education or organizations for the deaf previously. Foster went on to establish the first school for the deaf in Nigeria a few years later, and [[Nigerian Sign Language]] shows influence from GSL. GSL is unrelated to indigenous Ghanaian sign languages such as [[Adamorobe Sign Language]] and [[Nanabin Sign Language]]. 

There are currently fourteen schools for the deaf in Ghana, thirteen primary schools and two secondary schools in Ghana, one at [[Akuapim-Mampong]], the other at [[Navrongo]].<ref>((cite book |last1=Knoors |first1=Harry |last2=Brons |first2=Maria |last3=Marschark |first3=Marc |title=Deaf education beyond the Western world: context, challenges, and prospects |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=9780190880514))</ref> GSL is supported by the Ghana National Association of the Deaf which has their headquarters in [[Accra]]. The Bible Society of Ghana has started translation of the Bible into Ghanaian sign language.
((clear))

==Greek Sign Language==
((excerpt|Greek Sign Language|paragraphs=1|files=0))

==Indonesian sign languages==
((excerpt|Indonesian sign languages|paragraphs=1|files=0))

==Jamaican Sign Language==
((Infobox language
|name=Jamaican Sign Language
|altname=JSL
|states=[[Jamaica]]
|speakers=7,500
|date=2011
|ref=<ref name="JSL">((e25|jls|Jamaican Sign Language))</ref>
|familycolor=sign
|fam1=[[French Sign Language family|French Sign]]
|fam2=[[American Sign Language|American Sign]]
|iso3=jls
|glotto=jama1263
|glottorefname=Jamaican Sign Language
|glottofoot=no
))
'''Jamaican Sign Language''' (JSL) is a local variant of [[American Sign Language]] used in Jamaica. It is supplanting the indigenous [[Jamaican Country Sign Language]].
((clear))

==Malaysian Sign Language==
((excerpt|Malaysian Sign Language|paragraphs=1|files=0))

==Moroccan Sign Language==
((Infobox language
|name=Moroccan Sign Language
|altname=MSL
|states=[[Morocco]]
|region=[[Tetouan]]
|speakers=((sigfig|63,400|2))
|date=2008
|ref=<ref name="MSL">((e25|xms|Moroccan Sign Language))</ref>
|familycolor=sign
|fam1=[[French Sign Language family|French Sign]]
|fam2=[[American Sign Language|American Sign]]-based creole?
|iso3=xms
|glotto=moro1242
|glottorefname=Moroccan Sign Language
|glottofoot=no
))
Moroccan Sign Language (MSL) is the language of the deaf community of [[Tetouan]] and some other cities of Morocco.

American Peace Corps volunteers created Moroccan Sign Language in 1987 in Tetouan from American Sign Language (ASL) and the existing signs; there is less than a 50% lexical similarity with ASL. It is not clear if the 'existing signs' were [[home sign]] or an established [[village sign language]]. The language is used in three programs for the deaf, but not throughout the country: It is not used in the large cities of Rabat, Tangier, or Casablanca, for example. In [[Oujda]], near the Algerian border, [[Algerian Sign Language]] is used, or at least the local sign language has been strongly influenced by it.<ref name="MSL"/>
((clear))

==Nigerian Sign Language==
((Infobox language
|name=Nigerian Sign Language
|altname=
|states=[[Nigeria]], [[Chad]], [[Republic of Congo]]
|speakers=2,800 (2008) to estimated 48,000–96,000 (2021) in Chad;<ref name="CDS">((e25|cds|Chadian Sign Language))</ref> estimated 600,000–1,000,000 in Nigeria
|date=2021
|ref=<ref name="NSL">((e25|nsi|Nigerian Sign Language))</ref>
|familycolor=sign
|fam1=[[French Sign Language family|French Sign]]
|fam2=[[American Sign Language|American Sign]]
|lc1=nsi|ld1=Nigerian Sign
|lc2=cds|ld2=Chadian Sign
|glotto=nige1259
|glottorefname=Nigerian Sign
|glottofoot=no
))
'''Nigerian Sign Language''', NSL is the national [[sign language]] of deaf people in [[Nigeria]], however, Nigeria does not have a national sign language yet.  ASL (with a possible mix of Signed English) was introduced in 1960, a few years after [[Ghanaian Sign Language]], by [[Andrew Foster (educator)|Andrew Foster]], a deaf African-American missionary, thereby raising a signing system some scholars have referred to as a dialect of ASL. Deaf education in Nigeria was based on oral method and existing indigenous sign languages were generally regarded as gestural communication prior to Andrew Foster's arrival. The conventional "Nigerian Sign Language" today has been described as the "School Sign Language" and is coded as [[iso639-3:nsi|nsi]] on the repository of languages of the world by [[SIL International]]. There is a Ghanaian influence in NSL; both are based on [[American Sign Language]]. The School Sign Language has little relationship with the various Indigenous Nigerian sign languages such as [[Hausa Sign Language]], [[Yoruba Sign Language]], and [[Bura Sign Language]]. The Save the Deaf and Endangered Languages Initiative<ref name=":0" /> and Nigerian National Association of the Deaf<ref name=":1" /> have been working to document indigenous and national varieties of NSL both for research and reference for the Nigerian deaf population.<ref name=":0">((cite web |title=Save the Deaf and Endangered Languages Initiative |url=http://www.s-deli.org |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=S-DELI))</ref><ref name=":1">((cite web |title=Official Website of the Nigeria National Association of the Deaf |url=http://nnadeafhq.org |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=NNAD))</ref>

Chadian and Congolese teachers for the deaf are trained in Nigeria. There are deaf schools in Chad in N’Djamena, Sarh, and Moundou.((citation needed|date=April 2018))
((clear))

==Panamanian Sign Language==
((Infobox language
|name=Panamanian Sign Language
|altname=''Lengua de señas panameñas''
|states=Panama
|speakers=9,000
|date=2008
|ref=<ref name=e25lsp>((e25|lsp|Panamanian Sign Language))</ref>
|familycolor=sign
|fam1=[[French Sign Language family|French Sign]]
|fam2=[[American Sign Language|American Sign]]
|iso3=lsp
|glotto=pana1308
|glottorefname=Panamanian Sign Language
|glottofoot=no
|ELP=7114
|ELPname=Panamanian Sign Language
))
Panamanian Sign Language ''(Lengua de señas panameñas,'' LSP) is one of two [[deaf sign language]]s of [[Panama]]. It derived from [[American Sign Language]] and influenced by [[Salvadoran Sign Language]].<ref name=e25lsp/><ref>((Cite news |last=Joma |first=Susana |date=2006-01-19 |title=Escuela para niños sordos |language=es |work=[[El Diario de Hoy]] |url=http://www.elsalvador.com/noticias/2006/01/19/nacional/nac4.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306122527/http://archivo.elsalvador.com/noticias/2006/01/19/nacional/nac4.asp |archive-date=2016-03-06))</ref>

See also [[Chiriqui Sign Language]].
((clear))

==Philippine Sign Language==
((excerpt|Philippine Sign Language|paragraphs=1|files=0))

==Puerto Rican Sign Language==
((Infobox language
|name=Puerto Rican Sign Language
|altname=''Lengua de señas puertorriqueña''
|states=[[Puerto Rico]]
|ethnicity=8,000 to 40,000 deaf (1986)<ref name=PRSL>((e25|psl|Puerto Rican Sign Language))</ref>
|speakers=est. 6,000–13,000
|date=2021
|ref=<ref name=PRSL/>
|familycolor=sign
|fam1=[[French Sign Language family|French Sign]]
|fam2=[[American Sign Language|American Sign]]
|iso3=psl
|glotto=puer1237
|glottorefname=Puerto Rican Sign Language
|glottofoot=no
|ELP=7116
|ELPname=Puerto Rican Sign Language
))
Puerto Rican Sign Language (PRSL) is a variety or descendant of [[American Sign Language]], which was introduced to Puerto Rico in 1907. It is not clear how far PRSL may have diverged from ASL, but ''Ethnologue'' speaks of bilingualism in ASL as well as speakers who know only PRSL.<ref name=PRSL/>
((clear))

==Sierra Leonean Sign Language==
((Infobox language
|name=Sierra Leonean Sign Language
|altname=
|states=[[Sierra Leone]]
|region=[[Freetown, Sierra Leone|Freetown]]
|ethnicity=3,000–5,000 (2008)<ref name="SGX"/>
|speakers=200 (2008) to est. 23,000–46,000
|date=2021
|ref=<ref name="SGX">((e25|sgx|Sierra Leonean Sign Language))</ref>
|familycolor=sign
|fam1=[[French Sign Language family|French Sign]]
|fam2=[[American Sign Language|American Sign]]
|iso3=sgx
|glotto=sier1246
|glottorefname=Sierra Leone Sign Language
|glottofoot=no
))
Sierra Leonean Sign Language is a variety or descendant of [[American Sign Language]] (ASL) used in [[schools for the deaf]] in [[Sierra Leone]], or at least in the capital [[Freetown]]. As in much of West Africa, the first schools for the deaf were founded by the American missionary [[Andrew Foster (educator)|Andrew Foster]] or his students.
((clear))

==Selangor Sign Language==
((Infobox language
|name=Selangor Sign Language
|altname=Bahasa Isyarat Selangor
|states=[[Malaysia]]
|region=[[Kuala Lumpur]] and [[Selangor]]
|speakers=500
|date=no date
|ref=e16
|speakers2=Mostly elderly, all bilingual in [[Malaysian Sign Language|Malaysian Sign]]
|familycolor=Sign
|fam1=[[French Sign Language family|French Sign]]
|fam2=[[American Sign Language|American Sign]], with local mixture
|iso3=kgi
|glotto=sela1253
|glottorefname=Selangor Sign Language
|glottofoot=no
|ELP=7190
|ELPname=Selangor Sign Language
))
Selangor Sign Language (SSL), also known as Kuala Lumpur Sign Language (KLSL), is a sign language used in [[Malaysia]]. It was originally based on [[American Sign Language]] (ASL) but has diverged significantly enough to now be considered a language in its own right. Kuala Lumpur was formerly located in the state of [[Selangor]] before it became a federal territory in 1974.

Like [[Penang Sign Language]] (PSL), it now mainly used by older people, although many younger people can understand it.
((clear))

==Singapore Sign Language==
((excerpt|Singapore Sign Language|paragraphs=1|files=0))

==Thai Sign Language==
((excerpt|Thai Sign Language|paragraphs=1|files=0))

==See also==
*((anli|Black American Sign Language))
==External links==
*Sophie Dalle, 1996–1997, [https://web.archive.org/web/20041021133144/http://www.cvm.qc.ca/rcs/dallestage.pdf ''Rapport de Stage: La language de signes au Congo''] (in French)

==Bibliography==
*Kamei, Nobutaka ed. 2008. ''Langue des Signes d'Afrique Francophone (LSAF)'' (DVD). Fuchu: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
*Tamomo, Serge. 1994. ''Le language des signes du sourd Africain Francophone.'' Cotonou, Bénin: PEFISS.
*Garay, S. (2004). ''Understanding the Panama Deaf Community & Sign Language: Lengua de Señas Panameñas.'' (Instructional CD) Asociación Nacional de Sordos de Panamá.
*—— (1990). ''Panama's sign language dictionary: Lengua de señas panameñas.'' Asociación Nacional de Sordos de Panamá.

==References==
((Reflist|30em))

((sign language navigation))
((French Sign Language languages))

[[Category:French Sign Language family]]
[[Category:American Sign Language family]]
[[Category:Languages of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Languages of Ghana]]
[[Category:Languages of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Languages of Chad]]
[[Category:Languages of the Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Languages of Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Languages of Benin]]
[[Category:Languages of Cameroon]]
[[Category:Languages of Guinea]]
[[Category:Languages of Togo]]
[[Category:Languages of Gabon]]
[[Category:Languages of Senegal]]
[[Category:Languages of Mali]]
[[Category:Languages of Burkina Faso]]
[[Category:Languages of Niger]]
[[Category:Languages of the Central African Republic]]
[[Category:Languages of Mauritania]]
[[Category:Languages of Costa Rica]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Black American Sign Language (edit)
Filipino Sign Language (edit)
Greek Sign Language (edit)
Indonesian Sign Language (edit)
Indonesian sign languages (edit)
Malaysian Sign Language (edit)
Philippine Sign Language (edit)
Singapore Sign Language (edit)
Thai Sign Language (edit)
Varieties of American Sign Language (edit)
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