Filozofie biologie je součást filozofie vědy, která se zabývá gnozeologickými, metafyzickými a etickými problémy v biologii a medicíně. Přestože filozofové vědy a filozofové obecně se často zabývali životem (včetně např. Aristotela, Descarta a Kanta), o filozofii biologie se mluví většinou až od 60. a 70. let 20. století. Filozofové vědy se tehdy začali biologií zabývat po moderní syntéze a vývoji moderní genetiky. Někteří filozofové se také domnívají, že klíčový zde byl vývoj neurologie a redukování vědomí na materiální termíny.

Přehled

Filozofii biologie lze vidět jako pokračovatele empirické tradice a naturalismu. Mnoho současných filozofů biologie se vymezuje ústřední otázce rozdílu mezi živým a neživým. Mezi hlavní otázky, kterými se dnes filozofie biologie zabývá patří:

• „Co je to druh?“
• „Jak se evolučně vyvinula racionalita?“
• „Jak organismy koordinují své společné chování?“
• „Jakou roli hraje v biologické evoluci evolučně vývojová biologie?“
• „Jaké sociální hodnoty odráží naše biologické porozumění rasám, sexualitě nebo pohlaví?“
• „Jak působí přirozený výběr mimo vlastní evoluci organizmů?“

O filozofii biologie se také mluví jako o bioetice: Filozofické disciplíně, která by měla pomoci rozklíčovat základní lidské hodnoty a vyřešit etické otázky kolem nových technologií. Mezi takové otázky lze zařadit:

• „Co je to život?“^[1]
• „Čím je člověk jedinečný?“;
• „Jaké jsou evoluční základy morálního myšlení?“;
• „Jaké biologické faktory ovlivňují naše estetické soudy?“;
• „Jak je evoluce slučitelná s křesťanstvím a dalšími náboženskými systémy?“

Redukcionismus, holismus, a vitalismus

Velkou část diskuze filozofie biologie tvoří analýza různých současných i historických pohledů, které biologové zastávají a jaké kulturní či sociální sounáležitosti tyto pohledy doprovázely. Mezi ně patří:

• Vědecký redukcionismus je názor, že veškeré biologické procesy je možné zredukovat na mikroskopické chemické reakce a fyzické interakce
• Holismus znamená v biologii pohled na makroskopická působení živých organismů. Například evoluce je dobrým příkladem pozorování děje s velkým měřítkem tím, že aplikujeme statistické výpočty na pravděpodobnosti přežití jednotlivce.^[2]
• Vitalismus je pohled biology od 19. století povětšinou odmítaný, že existuje jakási životní energie (nazývaná vis-viva)

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Philosophy of biology na anglické Wikipedii.

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Externí odkazy

• Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu filozofie biologie na Wikimedia Commons
• Philosophy of Biology entry by Paul Griffiths in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Roberta Millstein's compilation of History and Philosophy of Biology Resources