120th Rifle Division
ActiveI Formation: 1940–1941

II Formation: 1942–1943

III Formation: 1943–1945
CountrySoviet Union
BranchRed Army
TypeInfantry
EngagementsWorld War II
DecorationsOrder of the Red Banner (3rd formation)
Battle honoursGatchina (3rd formation)

The 120th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, formed three times. Its first formation became the 6th Guards Rifle Division for its actions in the Yelnya Offensive.[1] Its second formation became the 69th Guards Rifle Division for its actions in the Battle of Stalingrad.[2] The division was reformed a third time in late April 1943.[3] It was disbanded "in place" with the Central Group of Forces in the summer of 1945.[4]

First Formation

The 120th Rifle Division was formed in July 1940 in the Orel Region from the 35th Reserve Rifle Brigade under the command of Major General Konstantin Petrov, part of the 33rd Rifle Corps.[5][1] The 120th Rifle Division was composed of the following units:[6]

On 28 June 1941, it was transferred to Bryansk. On 10 July it was concentrated in the Novoselki area west of Bryansk to establish a defensive line, including antitank ditches. The division became part of 24th Army on 15 July and was moved to the area 20 kilometers southeast of Yelnya. It went into combat on 30 July. Between August and September it fought in the Yelnya Offensive. The division helped capture Yelnya on 6 September.[7] On 16 September, it was withdrawn from the front and sent to Stavka reserve in the Bologovsky District. On 26 September, the division became the 6th Guards Rifle Division for its actions at Yelnya.[1][8]

Second Formation

The division was reformed in Kazan from the 405th Rifle Division on 10 March 1942. 80% of the soldiers of the division were Kazakhs. The division was commanded by Colonel Nikolai Ryakin. The division included the following units:[9]

In May the 120th was assigned to 8th Reserve Army in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command.[10] In June 1942 the division was moved by river to Saratov, where it received reinforcements. On 24 August, 8th Reserve was re-designated as 66th Army and was rushed to Stalingrad. The division was thrown into a series of costly counterattacks north of the city from 4 September.[11] On 27 September Colonel Kirill Dzhakhua took command. By 20 October, at the outset of Don Front's Fourth Kotluban counteroffensive, the division was noted as being severely under strength, with roughly a battalion's worth of fighting men remaining.[12]

Soldiers storming a house during the Battle of Stalingrad, February 1943

Prior to the start of the Soviet counteroffensive at Stalingrad, the 120th had been transferred to 24th Army, still in the same general area, and rebuilt. On 22 November the division supported the army's shock group with two of its rifle regiments, but the attack made little progress against deeply dug-in German positions. Further efforts on the following three days were equally unsuccessful.[13] However, once the Axis forces had been encircled, the 120th gave distinguished service during Operation Ring, finishing off the trapped German 6th Army. In recognition of this, on 6 February the division was converted into the 69th Guards Rifle Division for its actions.[2][14]

Third Formation

The division was reformed on 22 April 1943 from the 11th Rifle Brigade and the 142nd Naval Rifle Brigade on the Leningrad Front, part of the 67th Army, under command of 11th Rifle Brigade commander Colonel Alexei Batluk.[15] The division included the following units:[16]

Between July and early September it was part of the 2nd Shock Army, but then was returned to 67th Army. During the Sixth Sinyavino offensive the 120th provided right flank support to the 30th Guards Rifle Corps, which was finally able to storm and hold the Sinyavino heights on 15 September, although the offensive bogged down and was halted three days later.[17] The division transferred to front reserve later that month. On 13 November the 120th was assigned to 117th Rifle Corps, where it would remain for most of the duration.[18]

In January 1944 it became part of the 59th Army. The division fought in the Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive, during which it participated in the capture of Gatchina (formerly Krasnogvardeysk) on 25 January, penetrating into the northeastern section of the town from the north, just as 108th Rifle Corps was seizing the northwestern sector. After an all-night battle, the town was completely cleared the following morning:

"Wednesday, 26 January. The battle for Gatchina did not cease throughout the night. The enemy 11th Infantry Division, which has been defending the city, has been destroyed. At 1100 hours Colonel A.V. Batluk's 120th Rifle Division, cooperating with Colonel F.A. Burmistrov's 224th Rifle Division and other units, completely cleared the occupiers from Gatchina."[19]

On 27 January 1944 it was awarded the honorific "Gatchina". The division received the Order of the Red Banner for helping to liberate Luga on 12 February. In April 1944, the division became part of the 8th Army. In late July and August the division fought in the Battle of Tannenberg Line, part of the Battle of Narva (1944).[15] It was part of the 117th Rifle Corps during the battle.[20] The division attacked the Grenadier Hill from the east on 29 July.[21] The division suffered casualties of 1,808 men killed or wounded during the attack.[22] In August it became part of the 2nd Shock Army again. On 31 August Colonel Matvei Fedotov took command. In September 1944 the division, with its corps, was briefly moved to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command, where it became part of the 21st Army. On 11 December Ivan Govorov became the division's commander. [3] In that same month, 21st Army was assigned to 1st Ukrainian Front, and the 120th would remain in that front and army, in either 55th or 117th Rifle Corps, for the duration.[23] It was disbanded "in place" in the summer of 1945 with the Central Group of Forces.[4]

References

  1. ^ a b c "6-я Краснознаменная Ровенская гвардейская стрелковая дивизия" [6th Guards Rivne Red Banner Rifle Division]. rkka.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 3 Jan 2016.
  2. ^ a b "69-я Краснознаменная Звенигородская гвардейская стрелковая дивизия" [69th Red Banner Zvenigorod Guards Rifle Division]. rkka.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  3. ^ a b "120-я Краснознаменная Гатчинская стрелковая дивизия" [120th Red Banner Gatchina Rifle Division]. rkka.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  4. ^ a b Feskov et al 2013, p. 413
  5. ^ "120-я (6-я гвардейская) стрелковая дивизия" [120th (6th Guards) Rifle Division]. samsv.narod.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2016-01-03.
  6. ^ "120 СТРЕЛКОВАЯ ДИВИЗИЯ 1 ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ" [120th Rifle Division 1st Formation]. bdsa.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  7. ^ Kirchubel, Robert; Dennis, Peter (2012). Operation Barbarossa 1941 (3): Army Group Center. Osprey Publishing. pp. 64–65. ISBN 9781782008699.
  8. ^ "Стрелковые 106–120" [Rifle Divisions 106–120]. myfront.in.ua (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-01-04.
  9. ^ "120 СТРЕЛКОВАЯ ДИВИЗИЯ 2 ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ" [120th Rifle Division 2nd formation]. bdsa.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  10. ^ Glantz, To the Gates of Stalingrad, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 2009, pp 108-09, 346
  11. ^ Charles C. Sharp, "Red Swarm", Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed from 1942 to 1945, Soviet Order of Battle World War II vol. X, Nafziger, 1996, p 45
  12. ^ Glantz, Armageddon in Stalingrad, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 2009, p 446
  13. ^ Glantz, Endgame at Stalingrad, Book One, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 2014, p 75, 320-21, 356-57, 400, 446
  14. ^ Sharp, p 45
  15. ^ a b "Батлук Алексей Васильевич" [Batluk Alexei Vasilievich]. pamyat-naroda.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2016-08-04.
  16. ^ "120 СТРЕЛКОВАЯ ДИВИЗИЯ 3 ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ" [120th Rifle Division 3rd formation]. bdsa.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  17. ^ Glantz, The Battle for Leningrad, 1941 - 1945, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 2002, pp 315-18
  18. ^ Sharp, p 46
  19. ^ Glantz, Leningrad, p 357
  20. ^ Hiio, Toomas; Maripuu, Meelis; Paavle, Indrek (2006). "Combat in Estonia in 1944". Estonia 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. Tallinn. pp. 1035–1094.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  21. ^ Laar, Mart (2006). Sinimäed 1944: II maailmasõja lahingud Kirde-Eestis [Sinimäed 1944: Battles of World War II in Northeast Estonia] (in Estonian). Tallinn: Varrak.
  22. ^ Paulman, F.I. (1980). "Nachalo osvoboždenija Sovetskoj Estonij". Ot Narvy do Syrve [From Narva to Sõrve] (in Russian). Tallinn: Eesti Raamat. pp. 7–119.
  23. ^ Sharp, p 46
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