Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	15th century 16th century 17th century
Decades:	1560s 1570s 1580s 1590s 1600s
Years:	1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583

1580 by topic
Arts and science
Architecture Art Literature Music Science
Leaders
Political entities State leaders Colonial governors Religious leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Works category
Works
v t e

1580 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1580 MDLXXX
Ab urbe condita	2333
Armenian calendar	1029 ԹՎ ՌԻԹ
Assyrian calendar	6330
Balinese saka calendar	1501–1502
Bengali calendar	987
Berber calendar	2530
English Regnal year	22 Eliz. 1 – 23 Eliz. 1
Buddhist calendar	2124
Burmese calendar	942
Byzantine calendar	7088–7089
Chinese calendar	己卯年 (Earth Rabbit) 4277 or 4070 — to — 庚辰年 (Metal Dragon) 4278 or 4071
Coptic calendar	1296–1297
Discordian calendar	2746
Ethiopian calendar	1572–1573
Hebrew calendar	5340–5341
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1636–1637
- Shaka Samvat	1501–1502
- Kali Yuga	4680–4681
Holocene calendar	11580
Igbo calendar	580–581
Iranian calendar	958–959
Islamic calendar	987–988
Japanese calendar	Tenshō 8 (天正８年)
Javanese calendar	1499–1500
Julian calendar	1580 MDLXXX
Korean calendar	3913
Minguo calendar	332 before ROC 民前332年
Nanakshahi calendar	112
Thai solar calendar	2122–2123
Tibetan calendar	阴土兔年 (female Earth-Rabbit) 1706 or 1325 or 553 — to — 阳金龙年 (male Iron-Dragon) 1707 or 1326 or 554

1580 (MDLXXX) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1580th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 580th year of the 2nd millennium, the 80th year of the 16th century, and the 1st year of the 1580s decade. As of the start of 1580, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.

Events

June 25: The Book of Concord is published.

January–March

January 31 – Portuguese succession crisis of 1580: The death of Henry, King of Portugal, with no direct heirs, leads to conflict between his potential successors, including King Philip II of Spain and Infanta Catherine, Duchess of Braganza.^[1]
February 16 – The massacre of 20 artists at the Mardi Gras festivities at the annual Carnaval de Romans during the festival takes place in France at Romans-sur-Isère.^[2]
February 28 – Three Jesuit priests from Portuguese Goa, including Rodolfo Acquaviva, arrive in Agra on the mainland of India as guests of the Mughal Emperor, Akbar the Great, who is curious about Christianity. The Emperor grants land to the Jesuit fathers for the building of the first Roman Catholic Church in the Mughal Empire.^[3]
March 1 – Michel de Montaigne signs the preface to his most significant work, Essays. They are published later this year.^[4]
March 3 – George de Lalaing, Count of Rennenberg defects from the Union of Utrecht and the Dutch Republic, and turns over the province of Groningen to King Philip II of Spain.
March 25 – Iberian Union: King Philip II of Spain becomes King of Portugal under the name Philip I, following the death without heirs of King Henry of Portugal, in a personal union of the crowns, thus maintaining Portuguese independence (in Europe and throughout the Portuguese Empire).^[1] The Philippine Dynasty rule lasts until 1640.

April–June

April 6 – The Dover Straits earthquake occurs.^[5]
April 9 – English Fury at Mechelen: English and Scottish mercenaries, assisting the Dutch Republic, storm the Spanish Netherlands city of Mechelen (in modern-day Belgium), killing 60 civilians and plundering the town's houses and churches.^[6]
May 29 – Stephen Báthory is formally crowned as Grand Duke of Lithuania at the Vilnius Cathedral.^[7]
May – The Lipizzan stud is established by Charles II, Archduke of Austria.
June 5 – In the Kingdom of Golconda (part of the modern-day Indian state of Telangana), 15-year-old Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah is proclaimed as the new Sultan upon the death of his father, Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali.
June 9 – Rebels of the Dutch Union of Utrecht, aided by French soldiers, make a surprise attack on the Spanish Netherlands city of Diest in the Duchy of Brabant, and overwhelm the strategic location, now in Belgium, in one day.^[8]
June 11 – Within the Viceroyalty of Peru in South America Spanish explorer Juan de Garay founds the first permanent Spanish settlement at what is now the capital of Argentina, on the Rio de la Plata. Garay, who came on an expedition down the Paraná River from Asunción (now in Paraguay), arrives at the site of the failed Spanish settlement of Ciudad de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre, that had been created by Pedro de Mendoza in 1536 and abandoned in 1542. Garay names the new settlement "Santísima Trinidad" but the city eventually takes the name of the port, which he calls "Puerto de Santa María de los Buenos Aires."^[9]
June 21 (8 Cemazi ul-evvel 988 AH) – England signs a commercial treaty with the Ottoman Empire, and Sultan Murad III sends a letter to Queen Elizabeth I informing her, "Just as the merchants of Poland and France and Venice come and go, the merchants of your domain also shall bring wares to our Well-Protected Domains and take away wares."^[10] In return, Murad III is able to purchase English metals (iron, brass and tin) for his war with Persia.^[11]
June 25 – The Book of Concord, a collection of Lutheran confessional documents, is published.

July–September

July 12 – The Ostrog Bible, the first complete printed Bible translation into a Slavic language (Old Church Slavonic), is first printed at Ostroh in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (modern-day Ukraine) by Ivan Fyodorov.^[12]
July 24 – Portuguese succession crisis of 1580: António, Prior of Crato, a grandson of the late King Manuel by Manuel's second son, the Duke of Beja is proclaimed King of Portugal by his supporters in the city of Santarém, and popular acclamation follows in Lisbon and other locations.^[13]^[14] Portugal's parliament, the Cortes, refuses to acknowledge Antonio and he is defeated 32 days later at Alcântara.
August 25 – Battle of Alcântara: Spanish armies, led by Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, defending the claim of King Philip II of Spain to the Portuguese throne, defeat the armies of Portuguese claimant António, Prior of Crato.^[15]
September 26 – Francis Drake returns to Plymouth, England from his voyage of circumnavigation (westbound) on the Golden Hind,^[16] the second completed in a continuous voyage, and the first under its original commander.
September 29 – Five of the seven provinces of the Dutch Republic (with the exception of Zeeland and Holland) sign the Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours, recognizing Francis, Duke of Anjou as the Republic's sovereign.

October–December

October 4 – Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza, the Spanish Count of Coruña, arrives in Mexico City to take office as the Viceroy of New Spain, administering Mexico and Central America on behalf of King Philip II.^[17]
October 15 (5th waning of Tazaungmon 942 ME) – King Bayinnaung of Bruma dispatches a naval force of 200 ships and 8,000 soldiers to invade the Kingdom of Mrauk U (now in the Rakhine State of Myanmar), but the attempt fails after a year. Burmese troops are ordered withdrawn after Bayinnaung dies and is succeeded by his son Nanda Bayin.^[18]
October 18 – The Siege of Steenwijk in the Dutch Republic is started by the Spanish Netherlands. The siege will last four months and the Spanish troops will capture Steenwijk on February 23.
October 24 – The War of the Portuguese Succession comes to an end as Spanish forces crush the final Portuguese resistance in the last stronghold in mainland Portugal, Porto. For the next 60 years, Portugal will be ruled by the Kings of Spain.
November 10 – Second Desmond Rebellion: The Siege of Smerwick (now Ard na Caithne in County Kerry, Ireland) ends after three days when their commander surrenders to the English. Members of a group of at least 400 freelance soldiers, and perhaps as many as 700, for the Papal States are summarily executed on orders of the English Lord Deputy of Ireland, Baron Grey de Wilton.^[19]
December 31 – James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, formerly the regent for King James VI of Scotland, is arrested during a meeting of Scotland's Privy Council at Holyrood on the accusation of James Stewart, Earl of Arran that the Earl of Morton had participated in the 1567 murder of Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots and father of King James.^[20] Morton is taken to Dumbarton Castle and convicted of conspiracy to murder, and executed on June 2.

Date unknown

The Billy Mitchell volcano, on the island of Bougainville, undergoes a catastrophic eruption (VEI 6).
The first session of the Jewish Vaad (Council of Four Lands) is held in Lublin, Poland; 70 delegates of Jewish local qahals meet to discuss taxation, and other issues important to Jewish communities.
The Old City of Zamość is established in Poland, by Jan Zamoyski.
The 1580 influenza pandemic sweeps the world, starting in Asia and moving rapidly through Africa, Europe, and eventually the Americas. More than 10% of the population of Rome dies, and whole towns in Spain are depopulated.^[21]