Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	16th century 17th century 18th century
Decades:	1630s 1640s 1650s 1660s 1670s
Years:	1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657

1654 by topic
Arts and science
Architecture Art Literature Music Science
Leaders
State leaders Colonial governors Religious leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Works category
Works
v t e

1654 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1654 MDCLIV
Ab urbe condita	2407
Armenian calendar	1103 ԹՎ ՌՃԳ
Assyrian calendar	6404
Balinese saka calendar	1575–1576
Bengali calendar	1061
Berber calendar	2604
English Regnal year	5 Cha. 2 – 6 Cha. 2 (Interregnum)
Buddhist calendar	2198
Burmese calendar	1016
Byzantine calendar	7162–7163
Chinese calendar	癸巳年 (Water Snake) 4351 or 4144 — to — 甲午年 (Wood Horse) 4352 or 4145
Coptic calendar	1370–1371
Discordian calendar	2820
Ethiopian calendar	1646–1647
Hebrew calendar	5414–5415
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1710–1711
- Shaka Samvat	1575–1576
- Kali Yuga	4754–4755
Holocene calendar	11654
Igbo calendar	654–655
Iranian calendar	1032–1033
Islamic calendar	1064–1065
Japanese calendar	Jōō 3 (承応３年)
Javanese calendar	1576–1577
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 10 days
Korean calendar	3987
Minguo calendar	258 before ROC 民前258年
Nanakshahi calendar	186
Thai solar calendar	2196–2197
Tibetan calendar	阴水蛇年 (female Water-Snake) 1780 or 1399 or 627 — to — 阳木马年 (male Wood-Horse) 1781 or 1400 or 628

1654 (MDCLIV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1654th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 654th year of the 2nd millennium, the 54th year of the 17th century, and the 5th year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1654, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

January–March

January 6 – In India, Jaswant Singh of Marwar (in the modern-day state of Rajasthan) is elevated to the title of Maharaja by Emperor Shah Jahan.
January 11 – Arauco War – Battle of Río Bueno in southern Chile: Indigenous Huilliche warriors rout Spanish troops from Fort Nacimiento, who are attempting to cross the Bueno River.
January 26 – Portugal recaptures the South American city of Recife from the Netherlands after a siege of more than two years during the Dutch-Portuguese War, bringing an end to Dutch rule of what is now Brazil. The Dutch West India Company has held the city (which they call Mauritsstad) for more than 23 years.
February 9 – Spanish troops led by Don Gabriel de Rojas y Figueroa succeed in the capture of Fort Rocher, a pirate-controlled base on the Caribbean island of Tortuga.
February 10 – The Battle of Tullich takes place in Aberdeenshire in Scotland during Glencairn's rising, a revolt by Scottish royalists against the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland led by Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell. The battle is indecisive.
March 13 – The Treaty of Pereyaslav is concluded in the city of Pereyaslav during a meeting between the Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host and Tsar Alexey I of Russia following the end to the Khmelnytsky Uprising in Ukraine, which started in 1648 and has resulted in the massacre of many thousands of Jews.

April–June

April 5 – The Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War, is signed.^[1]
April 11 – A commercial treaty between England and Sweden is signed.^[1]
April 12 – Oliver Cromwell creates a union between England and Scotland, with Scottish representation in the Parliament of England.^[1]
May 5 – Cromwell's Act of Grace, officially the Act of Pardon and Grace to the People of Scotland, is proclaimed at the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh.
May 8 – Otto von Guericke demonstrates the power of atmospheric pressure and the effectiveness of his vacuum pump, using the Magdeburg hemispheres, before Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Imperial Diet in Regensburg.^[2]
June 3 – Louis XIV of France is crowned at Reims.
June 16 (June 6 Old Style) – Charles X Gustav succeeds his cousin Christina on the Swedish throne. After her abdication on the same day, Christina, now the former reigning queen of a Protestant nation, secretly converts to Catholicism.

July–September

July 5 – The Russian Army camps outside Smolensk and the Thirteen Years' War starts between Russia and Poland over Ukraine.^[3]
July 10
- Peter Vowell and John Gerard are executed in London for plotting to assassinate Oliver Cromwell.
- Don Pantaleon, brother of the Portuguese ambassador to England, is executed after the death of an innocent man following a fracas at the exchange in Exeter.^[4]
August 12 – The Battle of Shklow, one of the first clashes of the Russo-Polish War, takes place at the modern-day Belarusan town of Škłoŭ during a total eclipse of the Sun visible over Eastern Europe. The Russian troops retreat.
August 18 – Oliver Cromwell launches the Western Design with the appointment of Admiral William Penn to prepare for a fleet to leave on Christmas Day^[5] for an English expedition to the Caribbean to counter Spanish commercial interests, effectively beginning the Anglo-Spanish War (which will last until after the English Restoration in 1660).^[6] The fleet leaves Portsmouth in late December.
August 22 – Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam: 23 Sephardic Jews arrive as refugees from Brazil and settle in New Amsterdam, forming the nucleus of what will be the second largest urban Jewish community in history, that of New York City,^[7]^[8] and of Congregation Shearith Israel, the first synagogue in North America.
August 25 – Russia routs the Polish Army in the Battle of Shepeleviche.
September 3 – In England, the First Protectorate Parliament assembles.^[1]
September 12 – Oliver Cromwell orders the exclusion of 120 members of Parliament who are hostile to him.^[9]
September 23 – Smolensk falls to the Russian Army after almost three months.

October –December

October 12 – The Delft Explosion, in the arsenal, devastates the city in the Netherlands, killing more than 100, among whom is Carel Fabritius (32), the most promising student of Rembrandt.
October 31 – Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria, is crowned. His absolutist style of leadership becomes a benchmark for the rest of Germany.
November 23 – French mathematician, scientist and religious philosopher Blaise Pascal experiences an intense mystical vision that marks him for life.
December 11 – Sir William Petty wins the contract from the Commonwealth of England to make a survey of Ireland.
December 14 – Jerónimo de Ataíde, Count of Atouguia, becomes Portugal's new Governor-General of Brazil, succeeding João Rodrigues de Vasconcelos e Sousa.
December 25 – An English Navy fleet of 17 warships and 20 transports, carrying 325 cannons, 1,145 seamen, and 1,830 troops, under the command of Admiral William Penn departs from Portsmouth to begin Oliver Cromwell's planned surprise attack on Spain's colonies in the New World.