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((Short description|none))
((Refimprove|date=September 2023))

((Year in Canada|1749))
((History of Canada))

Events from the year '''1749 in Canada'''.

==Incumbents==
*[[List of Canadian monarchs|French Monarch]]: [[Louis XV]]<ref>Guéganic (2008), p. 13.</ref>
*[[List of Canadian monarchs|British and Irish Monarch]]: [[George II of Great Britain|George II]]<ref>((cite web |date=30 December 2015 |title=George I |url=https://www.royal.uk/george-i-r-1714-1727 |access-date=18 April 2016 |website=Official web site of the British monarchy))</ref>

===Governors===
*[[Governor General of the Province of Canada|Governor General of New France]]: [[Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière]] then [[Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière]]
*[[List of colonial governors of Louisiana|Colonial Governor of Louisiana]]: [[Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial]]
*[[Governor of Nova Scotia]]: [[Edward Cornwallis]]
*[[Colonial Governor of Newfoundland|Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland]]: [[George Brydges Rodney]]

==Events==
* [[Halifax (former city), Nova Scotia|Halifax]], capital of [[Nova Scotia]], is founded by British [[General Edward Cornwallis]] to counter French presence at [[Louisbourg]].
* [[Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye|La Vérendrye]] was awarded the [[Order of Saint Louis|cross of Saint Louis]], in honour of his career.
* French agricultural settlement established in what would become [[Windsor, Ontario]].

==Births==
===Full date unknown===
*[[Joel Stone]], founder of [[Gananoque, Ontario]] (died [[1833 in Canada|1833]])

==Deaths==
* December 5 - [[Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye]],  [[French Canadian]] military officer, [[fur trader]] and [[explorer]] (born [[1685]]).

==Historical documents==
Brief rundown of religious orders in Canada and "the duties of their ministries" in healthcare and education<ref>[https://www.canadianmysteries.ca/sites/angelique/archives/colonialcorrespondence/2274en.html "Memorandum of instructions to Sieur de La Jonquière"] (translation; April 30, 1749), France Archives nationales. Accessed 19 July 2021</ref>

[[Pehr Kalm|European visitor]] describes the character of [[French Canadians|French Canadian]] women<ref>Pehr Kalm, [https://archive.org/stream/travelsintonorth03kalm_0#page/54/mode/1up Travels into North America; Vol. III (London, 1771), pgs. 55-7]. (See [https://www.canadianmysteries.ca/sites/angelique/contexte/lasociete/montrealaises/2276en.html brief remark on prostitutes] and [https://www.canadianmysteries.ca/sites/angelique/archives/books/2245en.html Kalm's description of Quebec City convent]) Accessed 7 October 2017</ref>

From [[History of Quebec City#Seat of government|Quebec City]], Pehr Kalm writes to [[Benjamin Franklin#Public life|Benjamin Franklin]] about impressive welcome given [[Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière|Marquis de la Jonquière]], new [[Governor General of New France|Governor General]]<ref>[https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-03-02-0157 "To Benjamin Franklin from Peter Kalm, 6 August 1749"] U.S. National Archives. Accessed 23 November 2021</ref>

[[Élisabeth Bégon|Upper class lady]] says priests have ordered Ladies of the Holy Family who caused scandal over dancing to do [[penance]]<ref>Élisabeth Rocbert de la Morandière, dite Madame Bégon, [https://www.canadianmysteries.ca/sites/angelique/archives/diaryjournalreminiscence/2273en.html March 6, 1749 letter excerpt] Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 15 November 2021</ref>

Madame Bégon quotes someone as saying it's "foolish to remain in a country where all of the money goes towards keeping oneself warm"<ref>Élisabeth Rocbert de la Morandière, dite Madame Bégon, [https://www.canadianmysteries.ca/sites/angelique/archives/diaryjournalreminiscence/2260en.html April 27, 1749 letter excerpt] Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 15 November 2021</ref>

[[Willem van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle|Ambassador to France]] to "make [[wikt:remonstrance|remonstrances]]" about Canadians trying to move into [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)#Human history|Saint John River]] lands and debauch [[Iroquois#Iroquois Confederacy|Six Nations]] prisoners<ref>[https://archive.org/details/britishdiplomati49chan/page/7/mode/1up "Bedford to Albemarle"] (August 17, 1749), ''British Diplomatic Instructions; 1689-1789; Volume VII, France, Part IV, 1745-1789'', pg. 7. Accessed 15 November 2021</ref>

Decision to "settle and fortify" [[History of Halifax (former city)#18th century|Nova Scotia]] based on need to counter [[Louisbourg]], and for trade and fishery<ref>John Entick et al., [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.34807/39?r=0&s=1 "Cape Breton having been given back"] ''The General History of the Late War; Vol. I'' (1763), pgs. 16-17. Accessed 1 December 2021</ref>

Notice to recently discharged [[War of the Austrian Succession|war]] veterans, plus tradesmen and [[Surgeon#History|surgeons]], to take up land, arms, tools and one year's subsistence in Nova Scotia<ref>[https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.44277/19?r=0&s=1 "Proposals"] (March 7, 1748-9), A Genuine Account of Nova Scotia[...]to which is Added[...]Proposals, as an Encouragement to those who are willing to settle there, pgs. 12-14. Accessed 8 November 2021 (See [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.44398/19?r=0&s=2 details and comments] on this settlement plan)</ref>

Settler describes voyage, arrival and [[Halifax, Nova Scotia#History|establishment]] of hundreds of settlers under [[Edward Cornwallis#Founding of Halifax|Gov. Cornwallis]] at [[Halifax Harbour|Chebucto]]<ref>[https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.38176/41?r=0&s=2 Settler's letter] (July 28, 1749), quoted in ''French Policy Defeated'' (1755), pg. 30ff. Accessed 17 November 2021</ref>

Cornwallis promises [[Acadians#Pre-deportation history|Acadians]] can still exercise their religion and keep their lands if they take oath of allegiance and obey orders<ref>[https://archives.novascotia.ca/deportation/archives/?Number=ONEI&Page=165 "A Declaration"] (Govr. Cornwallis' Letter Book; July 14, 1749), Nova Scotia Archives; Acadian French, pgs. 165-6. (See also [https://archives.novascotia.ca/deportation/archives/?Number=ONEI&Page=167 Council decision] to require oath without reservation) Accessed 18 November 2021</ref>

[[Nova Scotia Council]] unanimously rejects Acadian request for exemption from wartime service and sets mid-October deadline for oath-taking<ref>[https://archives.novascotia.ca/deportation/archives/?Number=ONEI&Page=168 "Minutes of a Council held on board The Beaufort"] (July 31, 1749), Nova Scotia Documents; Acadian French, pgs. 168-9. Accessed 18 November 2021</ref>

Acadians forbidden to sell or take property if they chose to leave and will lose possessions and rights if they miss oath deadline<ref>[https://archives.novascotia.ca/deportation/archives/?Number=ONEI&Page=170 Council meeting] (August 1, 1749), Nova Scotia Documents; Acadian French, pg. 170. Accessed 18 November 2021</ref>

"We are resolved, everyone of us, to leave the country" - Strong emotion revealed in Acadian plea to live under [[Richard Philipps|old oath's]] terms<ref>[https://archives.novascotia.ca/deportation/archives/?Number=ONEI&Page=172 Council meeting] (September 6, 1749), Nova Scotia Documents; Acadian French, pg. 170. (See [https://archives.novascotia.ca/deportation/archives/?Number=ONEI&Page=174 Cornwallis's stern reply]) Accessed 18 November 2021</ref>

Leaders of First Nations in Chignecto and on Saint John River [[Peace and Friendship Treaties#Treaty of 1749|renew Peace and Friendship Treaty of 1725]]<ref>[https://archives.novascotia.ca/mikmaq/archives/?ID=619 1749 Renewal at Chebucto of the Treaty of 1725] (August 15, 1749), Nova Scotia Archives. (See also [https://www.cbu.ca/indigenous-affairs/mikmaq-resource-centre/treaties/treaty-of-1749/ ratification] signed on September 4, 1749) Accessed 19 November 2021</ref>

Canadians and Indigenous people "have made some small appearances to intimidate our new settlers" in [[Minas Basin|Minas]], [[Isthmus of Chignecto#Father Le Loutre's War|Chignecto]] and [[Raid on Dartmouth (1749)|Chebucto]]<ref>William Douglass, [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.44398/18?r=0&s=2 "the French Coureurs des Bois and their Indians"] ''A Summary, Historical and Political, of the''[...]''British Settlements in North-America; Vol. II,'' pg. 7. (See [https://archives.novascotia.ca/deportation/archives/?Number=ONEI&Page=177 report] of one attack) Accessed 17 November 2021</ref>

More troops needed, what with "a number of [[Military history of the Miꞌkmaq#Father Le Loutre's War|Indians]] a declared Enemy" and "[[Military history of the Acadians#Father Le Loutre's War|Accadians]] certainly more Friends to the French than us"<ref>"Colonel Edward Cornwallis to Robert Napier" (December 6, 1749), [https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6349540M/Military_affairs_in_North_America_1748-1765 ''Military Affairs in North America; 1748-1765''] (1936), pgs. 8-9 (PDF pgs. 44-5). Accessed 19 November 2021</ref>

"I [lack] any sanguine Expectation as to the Success of this New Colony" - In a word,  hostilities (Note: [[scalping]] described)<ref>John Wilson, [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.20153/14?r=0&s=1 "In a Word"] A Genuine Narrative of the Transactions in Nova Scotia, Since the Settlement, June 1749[....], pgs. 9-21. Accessed 16 November 2021</ref>

"Far exceeds any idea I could possibly have of it" - Newcomer very pleased with climate, soil, game and leadership of [[Halifax Peninsula|Halifax]]<ref>[https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.18497/5?r=0&s=3 "Extract of a letter from Chebucto harbour, Nova Scotia, August 17"] Historical Chronicle, October 1749. Accessed 15 November 2021</ref>

Illustration of Halifax, drawn from high up on ship's [[Mast (sailing)|mast]] (Note: [[Gallows#Forms of hanging|gallows]] depicted)<ref>[https://archives.novascotia.ca/builtheritage/archives/?ID=1 "A View of Halifax Drawn from ye Topmasthead"] (published January 25, 1750), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 19 November 2021</ref>

[[Chambourcy#People|French]] evidence of British policy of new settlement in Nova Scotia breaking agreement with France to fix its borders (Note: "savages" used)<ref>[https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.37136/16?r=0&s=3 "It was immediately upon the Back of this Peace"] ''A Memorial Containing A summary View of Facts[...]in Answer to The Observations [of] the English Ministry[...]; Translated from the French'' (1757), pgs. 3-5ff. Accessed 16 November 2021</ref>

[[Annapolis Royal]] houses burned to better protect [[Fort Anne|fort]], but "Soldiers [who] cannot be kept within due Bounds" burn too many of them<ref>[https://archives.novascotia.ca/heartland/archives/?Number=Four&Page=99 Council minutes] (January 24, 1748/9), Nova Scotia Archives; Minutes of H.M. Council, 1736-1749, pgs. 99-100. Accessed 18 November 2021</ref>

Description of Indigenous people in Nova Scotia includes story involving [[Henri Membertou|Chief Membertou]] (Note: [[Stereotypes of indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States|racial stereotypes]])<ref>[https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.35383/43?r=0&s=1 "The Indian Natives of the Peninsula"] A Geographical History of Nova Scotia (1749), pgs. 42-53. Accessed 16 November 2021</ref>

Indigenous [[Game (hunting)#North America|hunting]] season in what is now [[Nova Scotia]] ranges from [[elk]] to [[Anarhichadidae|sea wolf]] to eggs of turtles and birds<ref>[https://archive.org/details/ageographicalhi00unkngoog/page/n48/mode/2up A Geographical History of Nova Scotia] (1749), pgs. 48-9, 98-9. Accessed 11 January 2021</ref>

[[Hudson's Bay Company]] undercuts its trade by making Indigenous people come to [[Factory (trading post)#North American factories (1697 to 1822)|Bay posts]] and offering worse deals than [[New France#Fur trade and economy|French]] do<ref>[https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.9_02954/5?r=0&s=3 "Report from the Committee on the State of The Hudson's Bay Company"] (April 24, 1749), pgs. 216, 217-19, 223, 226, 229, 231-4. Accessed 5 January 2021</ref>

Ending [[Rupert's Land#Fur trade|Hudson's Bay Company's monopoly]] on trade in territory it claims could increase British exports from £3,600 to £200,000 annually<ref>[https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.41942/3?r=0&s=1 A Short State of the Countries and Trade of North America Claimed by the Hudson's Bay Company] (1749). (See [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.20155/16?r=0&s=1 rundown] of several arguments against HBC) Accessed 16 November 2021</ref>

[[Henry Ellis (governor)|Explorer]] describes clues on [[Hudson Bay]] that indicate nearness of [[Pacific Ocean|"western sea"]] and existence of [[Northwest Passage]]<ref>Henry Ellis, [https://archive.org/details/cihm_34895/page/n163/mode/2up "The Third Part: Comprehending, Such Arguments(...)as serve to shew the great Probability of a Passage by the North West(...)"] A Voyage to Hudson's-Bay, by the Dobbs Galley and California, In the Years 1746 and 1747[....] (1749), pgs. 136-47. Accessed 11 January 2021</ref>

==References==
((Reflist))
((Canadian history))
((Canada early year nav))
((North America topic|1749 in))

((DEFAULTSORT:1749 In Canada))
[[Category:1740s in Canada]]
[[Category:1749 in New France]]
[[Category:1749 by country|Canada]]
[[Category:Years of the 18th century in Canada|49]]

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