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((Short description|none))
((More citations needed|date=December 2022))
((Year in Canada|1781))
((History of Canada))

Events from the year '''1781 in Canada'''.

==Incumbents==
*[[List of Canadian monarchs|Monarch]]: [[George III]]<ref>((cite web |title=Kings and Queens of Canada |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/royal-family/kings-queens.html#e2 |website=aem |access-date=24 February 2021 |date=11 August 2017))</ref>

===Governors===
*[[Governor General of the Province of Canada|Governor of the Province of Quebec]]: [[Frederick Haldimand]]
*[[Governor of Nova Scotia]]: 
*[[Colonial Governor of Newfoundland|Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland]]: [[John Byron]]
*[[List of lieutenant governors of Prince Edward Island|Governor of St. John's Island]]: [[Walter Patterson (governor)|Walter Patterson]]

==Events==
* February 2 – [[Ethan Allen]] receives a further proposal from Col. Robinson; but sends both to Congress, with a request for the recognition of [[Vermont]]. Premising loyalty to Congress, he maintains that Vermont may properly treat with Great Britain, to prevent being subjected to another State, by the authority of a Government which Vermonters have helped to establish.
* April – Ira Allen is sent to Canada to arrange an exchange of prisoners.
* May 1 – Receiving proposals for Vermont's independence, Col. Ira Allen temporizes to prevent invasion and enable the farmers to sow seed for another crop.
* August 20 – As a condition of Vermont's admission to the Union, Congress fixes boundaries which offend both Vermont and New York.
* [[George Washington]] asks Governor Chittenden whether Vermont chooses to be a Province or in the Union.
* September – British proposals to Vermont include a Legislature of two branches.
* October 19 – Vermont declines Congress' terms.
* November 14 – Governor Chittenden answers General Washington that, notwithstanding Vermont's interest in the common cause, the people would rather join British Canadians than be subject to New York.
* December 18 – Troops sent from [[New York (state)|New York]], to coerce [[New Hampshire]] grantees, learn that they will defend their rights.
* American independence is assured by the British [[Siege of Yorktown|surrender at Yorktown]]. Gen. [[George Washington]] leads the Colonial army against the British.
* By the [[Articles of Confederation]], Congress controls the western lands.

==Historical documents==
===American Revolutionary War===
"Rebellion [is] so severely felt by many of [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|His Majesty's well-disposed Subjects]] in the Neighbouring Colonies, [but we] live in Canada undisturbed"<ref>"Quebec, October 18; Whilst the fatal Effects[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266771 Nomb. 841] (October 18, 1781), pg. 2. Accessed 15 December 2022</ref>

Papers captured with [[Henry Laurens#Political career|Henry Laurens]] include plans for two U.S.-French invasions: one against Newfoundland and Halifax, and one into Canada in winter<ref>"Articles of Intelligence from London News-papers" (October 13, 1780), The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266737 Nomb. 811] (March 22, 1781), pg. 2. (See also [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-06200 late June letter from Washington] "that an Expedition into Canada must be utterly impracticable") Accessed 14 December 2022</ref>

"So near to Canada and the only land passage into it" - [[Jacob Bayley|U.S. commander]] on [[Connecticut River#Border disputes|upper Connecticut River]] says his sector is in greatest need of defence<ref>[https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-05849 Jacob Bayley to George Washington] (May 24, 1781; note: URL "stable but non-permanent"), U.S. National Archives. Accessed 19 December 2022</ref>

Captured correspondence supposedly for [[Frederick Haldimand#Governor of Province of Quebec|Gov. Haldimand]] from British agent(s) in Albany is part of Canada–New York "[[Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War#British organizations involved in espionage|chain of Intelligence]]"<ref>[https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-05904 James Clinton to George Washington] (May 30, 1781; note: URL "stable but non-permanent"), U.S. National Archives. Accessed 17 December 2022</ref>

If U.S. takes [[History of Nova Scotia#American Revolution|Nova Scotia]], it will make Britain's main source of [[British timber trade|ship timber]] available to Spain and France, and also deprive British of [[Canso, Nova Scotia#Raid on Canso (1779)|fisheries]]' sailors<ref>[https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jay/01-02-02-0206 Robert Morris to John Jay] (July 4, 1781), U.S. National Archives. Accessed 18 December 2022</ref>

[[Butler's Rangers]] officer on [[Battle of Johnstown#Background|fires and fights]] along Mohawk River, with his 400+ force (including 60 Indigenous fighters) engaging superior enemy numbers<ref>"Quebec, November 22," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266776 Nomb. 846] (November 22, 1781), pgs. 2-3. (See also in [https://sites.google.com/site/niagarasettlers/upper-canada-land-petitions/petitions-w/petitions-welch-to-whitten Land Petitions of the Niagara Settlers "Welch to Whitten"] (scroll down to "Westbrook, Anthony") petition of veteran of this campaign who was captured and suffered in prison) Accessed 15 December 2022</ref>

[[William Heath|Maj. Gen. Heath]] informs Washington of "a [[Haldimand Affair|plan]] of union maturing between the british government in Canada, and some of the leading men of Vermont"<ref>[https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-07487 William Heath to George Washington] (December 4, 1781; note: URL "stable but non-permanent"), U.S. National Archives. (See also [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-07536 Washington's reasoning] that Vermont conspirators are playing "merely political" rather than "guilty" game) Accessed 19 December 2022</ref>

Despite [[George Rogers Clark#Final years of the war|failure]] to take it, Washington says "possession or destruction of [[History of Detroit#American control|Detroit]] is the only means of giving peace and security to the [[American frontier#Colonial frontier|Western Frontier]]"<ref>[https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-07554 Letter of George Washington] (December 18, 1781; note: URL "stable but non-permanent"), U.S. National Archives. Accessed 19 December 2022</ref>

"True copy" of Washington letter asking [[Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau#American Revolution|Rochambeau]] for [[breeches]] for soldiers "ashamed of exposing their meagre [[Buttocks|posteriors]] to the ladies"<ref>"April 24; The following[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266773 Nomb. 843] (November 1, 1781), pg. 1. Accessed 15 December 2022</ref>

===Canada===
Resident of Canada reports British military and government "have the greatest distrust of the [[French Canadians#History|Canadians]]," many of whom (clergy included) are disaffected<ref>[https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-06296 "Mr Hoppins's Narrative"] (July 4, 1781), U.S. National Archives. Accessed 18 December 2022</ref>

[[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] "Declaration of Independence" says [[Quebec Act#Thirteen Colonies|rebels' fear of Catholics]] has shifted to promising Canadians "greater religious establishments"<ref>[http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/facts/ofrdecl.htm "A Declaration of Independence by the Loyalists"] taken from The (New York) Royal Gazette (November 17, 1781), The On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies. Accessed 16 December 2022</ref>

Proclamation requires [[Colonial militia in Canada#British colonial militia|militia]] to account for all grain, flour and cattle in Quebec for possible quick movement to secure locations in case of invasion<ref>"By His Excellency Frederick Haldimand[....]" (January 15, 1781), The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266728 Nomb. 802] (January 18, 1781), pg. 1. Accessed 14 December 2022</ref>

"British Inhabitants of Montreal, in Town Meeting," thank Gov. Haldimand for warning of possible invasion and intend to find its [[Aiding and abetting|aiders and abettors]]<ref>"To His Excellency Frederick Haldimand[....]" (January 29, 1781), The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266732 Nomb. 806] (February 15, 1781), pg. 1. (See also similar addresses below this one) Accessed 14 December 2022</ref>

Resident doubts wisdom of [[History of Quebec City|Quebec City]] physician who proposes [[Inoculation|inoculating]] people with imported [[Smallpox#Eradication|smallpox]] "matter" after testing it on two children<ref>"To the Printer of the Quebec Gazette" (November 30, 1781), The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266778 Nomb. 848] (December 6, 1781), pgs. 1-2. Accessed 15 December 2022</ref>

[[Pedlar (fur trade)|Merchants]] ask convoy not to leave 5 days early, as "[[Fur brigade#Canoe|quantity of Furrs and Peltries]] from the most distant Posts of the [[Pays d'en Haut|Upper Country]]" will not have arrived<ref>"Quebec, November 1," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266773 Nomb. 843] (November 1, 1781), pgs. 1-2. Accessed 15 December 2022</ref>

Two [[List of British units in the American Revolutionary War#Local Volunteer Corps|Queen's Loyal Rangers]] officers (and brothers) accused by commandant of selling military provisions and clothing and stealing soldiers' pay<ref>[http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/qloyrng/qlrcomp.htm Queen's Loyal Rangers: Complaint Against the French Brothers] (January 20, 1781), The On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies. Accessed 16 December 2022</ref>

On May 1, ice breaks up at Quebec City, which takes in "the knowing ones who had guaranteed it till the [[Tide#Spring|Spring tides]];" several walked there day before<ref>"Quebec, 3d. May," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266745 Nomb. 806] (May 3, 1781), pg. 3. Accessed 14 December 2022</ref>

"[[Counterfeit money#History|Bad]] guinea" appears made of [[copper]], looks like good "George III 1777" [[Guinea (coin)#George III|coin]], but is 13 [[Grain (unit)#History|grains]] too light and leaves red colour when rubbed on stone<ref>"Quebec, September 27; The public[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266768 Nomb. 838] (September 27, 1781), pg. 2. Accessed 14 December 2022</ref>

For sale "a Likely, Robust, Active, Healthy [[Negro]] Lad[...]; he speaks English and French both remarkably well, and has had the Small-pox"<ref>"Advertisements; To Be Sold[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266778 Nomb. 848] (December 6, 1781), pgs. 1-2. Accessed 15 December 2022</ref>

Either of "two likely, healthy Negro Women" is for sale, "as they disagree together;" one is about 30 and one about 18, and both have had smallpox<ref>"Advertisements; Mr. R. Gray[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266780 Nomb. 850] (December 20, 1781), pg. 3. Accessed 15 December 2022</ref>

Widow Marie Anne Chamaillard and brothers advise public that her son Noel Réaume "is become [[Lunatic|lunatick]], and incapable[...]to manage his own affairs"<ref>"Marie Anne Chamaillard[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266773 Nomb. 843] (November 1, 1781), pg. 3 (right column). Accessed 15 December 2022</ref>

Mary Edge announces that she and her son ("lately from Detroit") will take over her late husband's "business of a Black and [[Whitesmith|White-smith]]" in Montreal<ref>"The Widow of Samuel Edge[....]" (July 11, 1781), The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266758 Nomb. 828] (July 19, 1781), pg. 3. Accessed 14 December 2022</ref>

Montreal "[[Tinsmith|Tin-man]]" announces that his [[Apprenticeship#History|apprentice]] "Bishop Forsyth, who was brought in a prisoner with his parents from [[Wyoming Valley#Revolutionary War|Wyoming]]," has run away<ref>"Four Guineas Reward" (October 29, 1781), The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266774 Nomb. 844] (November 8, 1781), pg. 3. Accessed 15 December 2022</ref>

Evening "Mathematical Class" to run through winter with "[[Euclid#Elements|Euclid's Elements]][...]demonstrated either Geometrically or Algebraically," plus [[trigonometry]] etc.<ref>"Mathematics" (October 22, 1781), The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266772 Nomb. 842] (October 25, 1781), pg. 3. Accessed 15 December 2022</ref>

François Grefart announces that his wife "has [[Elopement|eloped]] from his House by stealth" and that he "is giving intimation to all not to trust her a [[New France livre#Coins|sol marqué]]"<ref>"The subscriber begs leave to inform the public[....]" (July 30, 1781), The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4266760 Nomb. 830] (August 2, 1781), pg. 3. Accessed 14 December 2022</ref>

===Nova Scotia===
[[Nova Scotia House of Assembly|Nova Scotia Assembly]] to examine "defenceless state of the settlements distant from Halifax," such as [[Looting#History|plundered]] towns on or near [[Minas Basin#History|Minas Basin]]<ref>"A Motion relating to the defenceless state[....]" (June 16, 1781), [https://0-nsleg--edeposit-gov-ns-ca.legcat.gov.ns.ca/deposit/HofAJournals/1781.pdf Journal and Votes of the House of Assembly, For the Province of Nova-Scotia] pg. 131 (PDF pg. 6). (See also (on same page) report of division and poor discipline affecting King's County militia) Accessed 14 December 2022</ref>

Assembly wants Elizabeth Amelia Belcher, "Daughter of the late Worthy [[Jonathan Belcher (jurist)|Chief Justice Belcher]], who is left destitute," to receive £50 per year for life<ref>"Vote to Miss Belcher" (June 29, 1781), [https://0-nsleg--edeposit-gov-ns-ca.legcat.gov.ns.ca/deposit/HofAJournals/1781.pdf Journal and Votes of the House of Assembly, For the Province of Nova-Scotia] pg. 143 (PDF pg. 18). Accessed 14 December 2022</ref>

===Prince Edward Island===
[[Lawsuit|Legal actions]] over land must be sued within 20 years of current assembly session; exceptions for [[Minor (law)|minors]], [[Coverture|married women]], [[Non compos mentis]], convicts, absentees<ref>[https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.9_01818/79 "An Act for the Limitation of Actions, and for avoiding Law-suits"] (1781), George III, 21st Year, Chapter 17, ''The Statutes at Large, of Prince Edward Island[...]1773 to 1833, inclusive'' (1834), pgs. 79-85. Accessed 24 February 2023</ref>

[[John MacDonald of Glenaladale|John MacDonald]] faces loss of [[Land Question (Prince Edward Island)|St. John's Island lots]] for [[quit-rent]] non-payment, plus tenant and government trouble, all hampering Island's success<ref>[https://preserve.lib.unb.ca/wayback/20141205155514/http://atlanticportal.hil.unb.ca/acva/macdonald/en/letters/browse/view.php?id=2664_05&mode=dpl "Letter from John MacDonald to Helen MacDonald, 26 June 1781, Halifax"] MacDonald Family Letters, 1779-1801, Atlantic Canada Virtual Archives. Accessed 13 December 2022</ref>

===Labrador===
[[Moravian Church#Missions|Moravian missionaries]] at [[Nain, Newfoundland and Labrador#History|Nain, Labrador]] report 22 [[Inuit#Early contact with Europeans|Inuit]] killed when avalanche came down hill where they had built their "[[Eskimo|Esquimaux]] winter hauss"<ref>Excerpt of Moravian missionaries' letter, quoted in [https://www.gov.nl.ca/iet/mines/publicoutreach/geologicalhazard/avalanches/1781-82/ Avalanches; Date: Winter, 1781/82] Geological Hazards, Newfoundland & Labrador Department of Industry, Energy and Technology. Accessed 17 December 2022</ref>

===Elsewhere===
Kitchi Negou and other [[Ojibwe]] chiefs sign treaty transferring [[Michilimackinac]] Island to Crown for £5,000, recorded on deed and 7-ft. long [[wampum]] belt<ref>[https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1370372152585/1581293792285#ucls1 Michilimackinac Island, No. 1] (May 12, 1781), Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Access 15 December 2022</ref>

For "a consideration amounting to about 300 suits of clothing," four Ojibwe and [[Mississaugas|Mississauga]] chiefs [[Niagara Purchase|transfer territory]] just west of [[Niagara River#History|Niagara River]] to Crown<ref>[https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1370372152585/1581293792285#ucls2 Niagara Purchase No. 381] (May 9, 1781), Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. (See also [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/greatbritainindiandept/greatbritainindiandept.0001.032/1# table of Six Nations and other nations] clothed by Indian Department, and [https://sites.google.com/site/niagarasettlers/upper-canada-land-petitions/petitions-s/petitions-seager-to-secord Land Petitions of the Niagara Settlers "Seager to Secord"] (scroll down to "Secord, Peter Senior") for petition of "First Settler" on this transferred territory) Access 16 December 2022</ref>

"Before the fatal attack of the [[Smallpox|small pox]][...]in the year 1781, all these nations of Indians [trading to Hudson's Bay] were much more numerous"<ref>Edward Unfreville, ''The Present State of Hudson's Bay'' (1790), pg. [http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/50/216.html 203]. (See also [http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/55/34.html Alexander Mackenzie's assessment] of consequences to trade) Accessed 14 December 2022</ref>

[[Hudson's Bay Company#18th century|Hudson's Bay Company's]] [[Fort Albany First Nation#Hudson's Bay Company Post|Fort Albany]] chief glad that inland post [[Henley House]] has no provisions problem, ensuring "success of the upland business"<ref>"From Mr. Thomas Hutchins Chief at Albany Fort; To Mr. John McNab, Master at Henley House" (October 25, 1781), [http://pam.minisisinc.com/DIGITALOBJECTS/Access/HBCA%20Microfilm/1M61/B86-A-35.pdf Henley House - Post Journal 1782] PDF frame 27. Accessed 15 December 2022</ref>

[[Acadians#Deportation|Acadians]] are one quarter of [[History of Baltimore#Early development of Baltimore Town: 1729%E2%80%931796|Baltimore, Md.]] population, live in poorest part of town and retain their language and religion, though priests are negligent<ref>Abbé Robin, "Letter VIII" (translation; September 14, 1781), New Travels through North-America (1784), pgs. 43-4 (Images 48-9). (See also illustration [http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=FonAndCol&id=2962712&lang=eng "Femme Acadienne"]) Accessed 9 December 2022</ref>

== References ==
((Reflist))

((Canadian history))
((Canada early year nav))
((North America topic|1781 in))

((DEFAULTSORT:1781 In Canada))
[[Category:1781 in the Province of Quebec (1763–1791)| ]]
[[Category:1781 by country|Canada]]
[[Category:Years of the 18th century in Canada|81]]

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