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((Short description|June 1964 earthquake in Japan))
((Use dmy dates|date=September 2020))
((Infobox earthquake
| title = 1964 Niigata earthquake
| image = Liquefaction at Niigata.JPG
| caption =Effects of [[soil liquefaction]] caused by the earthquake on [[Apartment|apartment building]]s in Niigata
| timestamp = 1964-06-16 04:01:43
| isc-event = 866844
| anss-url = iscgem866844
| local-date = ((start date|df=yes|1964|06|16))
| local-time = 13:01:43
| map2 = ((location map | Japan Niigata Prefecture
 | label=
 | lat=38.37
 | long=139.22
 | mark=Bullseye1.png
 | marksize=40
 | position=top
 | width= 260
 | float=center
 | caption=
 | relief=1))
| magnitude = 7.6 ((M|w|link=y))
| depth = 34 km (21.1 mi)
| location = ((coord|38.37|139.22|display=inline,title))
| type = [[Fault (geology)#Dip-slip faults|Dip-slip]]
| countries affected = Japan, [[Niigata Prefecture]]
| tsunami = yes
| casualties = 36 dead or missing (385 injured)<ref name="USGS"/>
| intensity=((MMI|VIII))<ref>((cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem866844/impact|access-date=2021-11-18|website=earthquake.usgs.gov|title=M 7.6 – 24 km NW of Murakami, Japan – Impact|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]))</ref>
))

The '''1964 Niigata earthquake''' (((lang-ja|新潟地震))) struck at 13:01 local time (04:01 [[UTC]]) on 16 June with a magnitude of either 7.5 or 7.6. The [[epicenter]] was on the [[continental shelf]] off the northwest coast of [[Honshu]], [[Japan]], in [[Niigata Prefecture]], about ((convert|50|km|mi)) north of the city of [[Niigata, Niigata|Niigata]]. The [[earthquake]] caused [[Soil liquefaction|liquefaction]] over large parts of the city.

==Geology==
The northwestern side of Honshu lies on the [[eastern margin of the Sea of Japan|southeastern margin of the Sea of Japan]], an area of [[oceanic crust]] created by [[back-arc spreading]] from the [[late Oligocene]] to [[middle Miocene]]. The [[extensional tectonics]] associated with the spreading formed a series of N–S trending [[extensional fault]]s and associated [[sedimentary basin|basins]]. Currently the area is being deformed by [[Thrust tectonics|contractional tectonics]], causing [[Inversion (geology)|inversion]] of these earlier basins, forming [[Anticline|anticlinal]] structures.<ref name="Sato">((cite journal|last=Sato |first=H. |author2=Yoshida T. |author3=Takaya I. |author4=Sato T. |author5=Ikeda Y. |author6=Umino N. |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |title=Late Cenozoic tectonic development of the back arc region of central northern Honshu, Japan, revealed by recent deep seismic profiling |journal=Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=145–154 |issn=0370-9868 |doi=10.3720/japt.69.145 |doi-access=free))</ref> The earthquake is thought to have occurred due to reverse movement on one of these reactivated faults.<ref name="Kawasumi"/>

==Damage==
There were 3,534 houses destroyed and a further 11,000 were damaged.<ref name="USGS"/> This level of damage is explained by the influence of poor sub-soil conditions. Most of the lower part of the city of Niigata is built on recent [[River delta|deltaic]] deposits from the [[Shinano River|Shinano]] and [[Agano River|Agano rivers]], mainly consisting of unconsolidated sand. Shaking during the earthquake caused liquefaction with instantaneous [[Soil compaction|compaction]] and formation of many [[sand volcano]]es.<ref name="USGS">((cite web |title=Historic Earthquakes – Niigata, Japan 1964 June 16 04:01 UTC Magnitude 7.5 |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/events/1964_06_16.php |author=USGS |access-date=10 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128105443/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/events/1964_06_16.php |archive-date=28 January 2010))</ref><ref name="Kawasumi">((cite book |last=Kawasumi |first=H. |editor=Kawasumi H. |title=General Report on the Niigata Earthquake of 1964 |chapter-url=http://www.iris.edu/seismo/quakes/1964niigata/Kawasumi1968.pdf |year=1968 |publisher=Tokyo Electrical Engineering College Press |location=Tokyo, Japan |chapter=1. Introduction |access-date=10 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604203633/http://www.iris.edu/seismo/quakes/1964niigata/Kawasumi1968.pdf |archive-date=4 June 2010 |url-status=live))</ref> Maps of areas of subsidence and sand volcanoes were found to match closely with old maps of the position of former river channels. Subsidence of up to 140&nbsp;cm was measured over wide areas associated with the liquefaction. In one area of [[Apartment|apartment building]]s built on reclaimed land by the Shinano River, most of the apartment blocks became inclined and one of them was completely overturned. This was despite relatively low levels of [[Peak ground acceleration|ground acceleration]] recorded by [[strong ground motion|strong motion]] [[accelerograph]]s placed in one of these buildings.<ref name="Kawasumi"/>

=== Fire and liquefaction ===
Niigata City, which had just recovered from the Great Niigata Fire of 1955, sustained considerable damage from fire and liquefaction that resulted from the earthquake. Aside from the buildings destroyed by liquefaction on the left bank of the [[Shinano River]], there was also extensive damage on the right bank. The runway of the [[Niigata Airport]], which was near the hypocenter, was flooded due to liquefaction and the tsunami; and a fire broke out inside the airport. Most devastatingly, the pipes of a gasoline tank owned by [[Showa Shell Sekiyu]], located between the airport and the harbor, were also damaged by the shaking. Gasoline from the tank was brought to the sea surface by the tsunami and underground water released by the liquefaction, and ignited five hours after the earthquake. The fire spread to nearby tanks and induced explosions that fed the fire, allowing it to continue for 12 days. The fire spread to nearby residential areas, leaving 1407 people displaced.<ref>[http://tsunami.dbms.cs.gunma-u.ac.jp/xml_tsunami/xmltext.php?info=23%20papermetatab%20papersectab 津波 ディジタルライブラリィ]((dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes)) 津波ディジタルライブラリィ作成委員会</ref> This fire is said to be the worst industrial complex fire in the country's history. At the time the cause of the fire was said to be caused by the liquefaction, but later research into large earthquakes revealed that [[long period ground motion]] also played a role.

At the time of the fire, the new specially-designed fire truck for fighting chemical fires had not yet been deployed to Niigata City. A request was sent to the Fire and Disaster Management Agency and troops were dispatched from the Tokyo division. There was a danger of the fire spreading to an attached oxygen tank, but the troops from Tokyo managed to stop it from spreading to the tank, after a 20-hour battle.

===Showa bridge===
[[File:Showa bridge Niigata NGDC.JPG|thumb|250px|Collapse of the Showa bridge, Niigata caused by the earthquake]]
The collapse of the Showa bridge in Niigata has been analysed in detail.<ref name="Yoshida">((cite journal |last=Yoshida |first=N. |author2=Tazoh T. |author3=Wakamatsu K. |author4=Yasuda S. |author5=Towhata I. |author6=Nakazawa H. |author7=Kiku H. |year=2007 |title=Causes of Showa Bridge collapse in the 1964 Niigata earthquake based on eyewitness testimony |url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110007327296/ |journal=Soils and Foundations |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1087 |access-date=10 June 2010 |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.3208/sandf.47.1075 |bibcode=2007SoFou..47.1075Y |doi-access=free))</ref><ref name="Kazama">((cite book |last1=Kazama |first1=M. |last2=Sento |first2=S. |last3=Uzuoka |first3=R. |author4=Ishimaru M. |editor=Liu H. |editor2=Deng A. |editor3=Chu J.|title=Geotechnical Engineering for Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference GEDMAR08, Nanjing, China |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7EfXtq5TT4C&pg=PA171 |year=2008 |publisher=Science Press and Springer-Verlag |location=Beijing / Berlin |pages=170–176 |chapter=Progressive damage simulation of foundation pile of the Showa Bridge caused by lateral spreading during the 1964 Niigata earthquake |isbn=978-3-540-79846-0))</ref> From eyewitness reports it appears that failure began 70 seconds after the start of the earthquake, suggesting that ground motion was not responsible. Movement of [[Deep foundation|piles]] beneath the bridge [[Pier (architecture)|piers]], due to lateral spreading caused by liquefaction, is regarded as the main cause of the failure.<ref name="Yoshida"/><ref name="Kazama"/>

==Characteristics==
===Earthquake===
The earthquake had a [[Seismic scales#Magnitude scales|magnitude]] of 7.6 on the [[moment magnitude scale]], but the relatively deep [[Hypocenter|focal]] depth of 34&nbsp;km meant that the perceived [[Seismic scales#Seismic intensity scales|intensities]] on the coast of Honshu were generally VIII (''Severe'') or less on the [[Mercalli intensity scale]], on consolidated ground.<ref name="Kawasumi"/> The calculated [[focal mechanism]] indicates [[Fault (geology)#Dip-slip faults|reverse faulting]] on a west-dipping fault trending N20°E.<ref name="Ruff">((cite journal |last1=Ruff |first1=L. |last2=Kanamori |first2=H. |author2-link=Hiroo Kanamori |title=The rupture process and asperity distribution of three great earthquakes from long-period diffracted P-waves |url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/uploads/File/People/kanamori/HKpepi83.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=202–230 |year=1983 |access-date=10 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723162825/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/uploads/File/People/kanamori/HKpepi83.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2010 |bibcode=1983PEPI...31..202R |doi=10.1016/0031-9201(83)90099-7))</ref> The [[Earthquake rupture|rupture]] area was similar to the [[1833 Shōnai earthquake]], and partially overlapped it.<ref name="Hatori90">((cite journal |last=Hatori |first=Tokutaro |title=Magnitudes of the 1833 Yamagata-Oki Earthquake in the Japan Sea and its Tsunami |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/zisin1948/43/2/43_2_227/_pdf/-char/en |journal=Zisin (Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan) |series=Second Series |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=227–232 |date=1990 |language=ja |doi=10.4294/zisin1948.43.2_227 |doi-access=free))</ref>

===Tsunami===
The first wave of the tsunami hit Niigata City approximately 15 minutes after the earthquake. It caused flooding damage on Sado Island, Awa Island, and as far away as the [[Oki Islands]] in [[Shimane Prefecture]]. The wave reached heights of 3 m at [[Ryōtsu, Niigata|Ryōtsu Harbor]], 4 m at Shiotani and near Iwafune Harbor, and between 1 and 2 m at Naoetsu. It was also reported that due to the run-up that occurs on sandy beaches, the wave reached 6 m in some places.<ref name="NGDC">((cite web|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/event-more-info/1959|title=Tsunami Event Information|last=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.|publisher=NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information | doi=10.7289/V5PN93H7|access-date=22 March 2024))</ref> The first wave was the highest in many places, but the third was reportedly higher in others. The ensuing waves came at intervals of 20 and 50 minutes.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/2261/13881 昭和39年6月16日新潟地震調査概報 (新潟地震による津波)] 東京大学地震研究所 地震研究所研究速報. 第8号, 1964-09, pp. 58–62</ref> Flooding caused by the tsunami persisted in some areas for up to a month.

==Vestiges==
((unreferenced section|date=June 2021))
Due to urbanization and modernization in Niigata City and the surrounding area, water pumping quickly increased in 1950, in order to extract water-soluble natural gas in the groundwater. As a result, land subsidence became a serious problem. Since 1959, due to restrictions on the extractions of natural gas and groundwater in the Niigata city area, large-scale land subsidence has lessened. However, in that period the ground was observed to settle an average of 20&nbsp;cm per year. This land subsidence, the liquefaction in the inner city, and the tsunami all contributed to the massive inundation damage during the earthquake.

The [[Bandai Bridge]], one of the commuter bridges spanning the Shinano River in the city, survived the earthquake intact, but not unscathed. The streets that cross under the bridge on each side and run parallel to the river are approximately 1 meter different in elevation. The bridge itself only sank about 10&nbsp;cm during the earthquake, but coupled with the aforementioned land subsidence it has sunk a total of 1.2 meters.

New laws concerning earthquake insurance were enacted in June 1966 in response to this earthquake.

==See also==
((Portal|Japan|Earth sciences))
*[[List of earthquakes in 1964]]
*[[List of earthquakes in Japan]]
*[[2004 Chūetsu earthquake]]

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
*((EQ-isc-link|866844))

((Earthquakes in 1964))
((Earthquakes in Japan))

[[Category:1964 earthquakes|Niigata earthquake]]
[[Category:1964 in Japan|Niigata earthquake]]
[[Category:1960s tsunamis]]
[[Category:June 1964 events in Asia]]
[[Category:Tsunamis in Japan]]
[[Category:Earthquakes of the Showa period]]

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