Host cityLos Angeles, United States
Countries visitedGreece, United States
Distance~15,000 kilometers (9,300 mi)
Torch bearers3,636
Start dateMay 8, 1984
End dateJuly 28, 1984
Torch designerNewhart, Turner Industries
No. of torches4,500
Olympic rings
Part of a series on
1984 Summer Olympics

The 1984 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from May 8 until July 28, prior to the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.[1][2] The route covered around 15,000 kilometers (9,300 mi) across the United States and involved over 3,600 torchbearers. Rafer Johnson lit the cauldron at the opening ceremony, becoming the first black athlete in history to do so. The Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee (LAOOC) tasked Burson-Marsteller, the public relations agency of AT&T, with the organization of the relay. The Youth Legacy Kilometer pioneered the idea of runners being nominated by the public.

The torch relay saw many firsts, including people from all over the country participating and raising millions of dollars that were donated to charities.

Torch

A torch from the relay

The aluminum torch, designed with a brass finish and leather handle that gave it an antique look, was 56.5 centimeters (22.2 in) long and weighed 1,000 grams (35 oz).[3] Etched on the ring of the torch were the words of the Olympic motto ("Citius, Altius, Fortius") with the Olympic rings between each word. They were manufactured by Turner Industries and each one was numbered.[4]

During an 800-mile trial run the original design of the torch was found to be flawed. The valve was found to be recessed too deeply inside the bowl of the torch and was extinguished too easily. The type of propane and the valve used for its release were also adjusted to ensure that it would remain lit wherever possible.[4]

Organization

The relay was organized by Burson-Marsteller, the PR agency of AT&T, which also sponsored the relay and provided the majority of the staffing for the events.[4][5] Runner uniforms were provided by Levi Strauss with Converse supplying the shoes.[4]

The Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee (LAOOC) referred to the relay as being "an overwhelming success", achieving the two goals of spreading the Olympics around the country and providing a legacy for youth sport programs. They estimated that around a quarter of the United States population witnessed the relay.[4]

Youth Legacy Kilometer

Torchbearers came from a wide variety of backgrounds and the aim was to introduce a level of egalitarianism.[4][5] The 1984 relay was the first to invite nominations from the public, a system replicated in future relays.[6] It was also the first to charge torchbearers for their participation, with the fee working out at around $3,000 per kilometer.[4][5] Anybody who could raise the entry fee would be able to sponsor one kilometer and bear a torch themselves or designate a person to do so.[4] The scheme, called the "Youth Legacy Kilometer" (YLK) raised nearly $11 million, all of which was given to charities.[4][5] YMCA received the largest proportion of the funds, amounting to around $3.9 million. Sections that did not receive sponsorship were completed by volunteers from AT&T.[4] Prior to the 1984 Olympics, only “selected” people were allowed to carry the torch. That changed in LA as in the US any person could become the torchbearer.

Caesar's Tahoe Hotel Casino ran a drawing, in which customers could win a place in the relay. The company sponsored 50 kilometers of the Nevada route and gave seven of these runs to winning customers and 42 to local organizations. The remaining kilometer was given to 1976 decathlon winner Bruce Jenner, who had signed a promotional contract with the company.[7]

The Hellenic Olympic Committee (HOC), unhappy with what they considered to be the commercialization of the torch relay, threatened to stop the event from happening. Several months of negotiations finally finished in an agreement just days before the planned kindling ceremony. On May 7, 1984, the lighting ceremony took place.[4]

Route

Olympic torch at the University of Texas at Arlington, 1984

The LAOOC originally hoped that the relay would visit all 50 states and capitals as well as Washington D.C. They realized that this would require a 24-hour-per-day operation and had to reduce the scope of their plans to include 33 states:[4]

Location Map
  1. New York City
  2. New Haven
  3. Providence
  4. Boston
  5. Hartford
  6. Trenton
  7. Philadelphia
  8. Wilmington
  9. Baltimore
  10. Annapolis
  11. Washington, D.C.
  12. Pittsburgh
  2. Cleveland
  3. Toledo
  4. Detroit
  5. Chicago
  6. Indianapolis
  7. Louisville
  2. Knoxville
  3. Atlanta
  4. Birmingham
  5. Memphis
  6. St. Louis
  7. Kansas City
  8. Tulsa
  9. Oklahoma City
  10. Dallas
  2. Albuquerque
  3. Colorado Springs
  4. Denver
  5. Salt Lake City
  6. Boise
  7. Seattle
  8. Portland
  9. Reno
  10. Sacramento
  11. San Francisco
  12. Oakland
  13. San Jose
  14. Los Angeles
  15. San Diego
  16. Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum

The relay officially began on May 8 with Bill Thorpe, Jr., grandson of Jim Thorpe, and Gina Hemphill, granddaughter of Jesse Owens, being given the honor of becoming the first torchbearers. The relay featured 3,636 torchbearers and spanned a distance of around 15,000 kilometers (9,300 mi), at the time the longest distance of any Olympic relay.[4]

Opening ceremony

Rafer Johnson, pictured here as a flagbearer at the 1960 Games, was the final torchbearer.

Rafer Johnson, an Olympic decathlon gold medalist, was the final torchbearer.[4]

References

  1. ^ Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee. Official Report of the Games of the XXIInd Olympiad Los Angeles, 1984, Vol 1 Part 3 (PDF). p. 816. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  2. ^ Litsky, Frank (May 8, 1984). "Olympic Flame to Start Odyssey Across U.S." The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 26, 2014. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
  3. ^ "Olympic Games Los Angeles 1984". Olympic-Museum.de. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Official Report of the Games of the XXIII Olympiad, Los Angeles, 1984" (PDF). Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee. pp. 806–818. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d Carry the Fire (1985) (video). AT&T. July 26, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
  6. ^ Volans, Ian (December 21, 2011). "Will London 2012 give Britain's sporting heritage its Moment to Shine?". SportingLandmarks.co.uk. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
  7. ^ Brower, Monty (May 7, 1984). "From New York to L.A. Americans Are Burning to Carry the Olympic Flame". People. Archived from the original on October 8, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
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