1995 France bombings
Part of Algerian Civil War (spillover) Islamic terrorism in Europe
Plaque commemorating the victims of the Saint-Michel station bombing on 25 July 1995
LocationParis and Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France
Coordinates48°51′13″N 2°20′42″E / 48.8537°N 2.3449°E / 48.8537; 2.3449
Date25 July–17 October 1995 (1995-10-17)
WeaponsImprovised explosive devices, school bombing
Deaths8
Injured190
PerpetratorArmed Islamic Group
MotiveTo force the French government to withdraw support from the Algerian government during the Algerian Civil War
ConvictedRachid Ramda

A series of attacks targeted public transport systems in Paris and Lyon, as well as a school in Villeurbanne, in 1995. They were carried out by the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria (GIA), who sought to expand the Algerian Civil War to France. The attacks killed eight people, all during the first attack on 25 July. The attack also injured 190 people.

The assassination of Abdelbaki Sahraoui, a co-founder of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), was a prelude to the extension of the Islamists' terrorist campaign in France.[1]

Attacks

On 25 July 1995 a gas bottle exploded in the Saint-Michel station of line B of the RER metropolitan train system in Paris. Emergency service vehicles then used Place Saint-Michel and the surrounding bridges and streets to attend the scene, while Parvis Notre-Dame became a helicopter landing site and a nearby café, Le depart Saint-Michel, was used as a field hospital. At 8:00 that evening, national news on France 2 announced that four people had been killed and another 40 injured in a "mysterious explosion". At that time, no official sources had confirmed that it was a terrorist attack.[2] This was only confirmed later, and the final outcome was said to be eight deaths and 117 injured.[3] It was the deadliest terror attack in France since the 1983 Orly Airport attack, and would be the only deadly attack for the GIA's 1995 bombing campaign in France.[citation needed]

On 17 August, a second bomb hidden in a public bin near the Arc de Triomphe wounded 16 people. The bomb was composed of a gas bottle filled with nails.[4]

On 26 August a huge bomb was found on the railway tracks of a high-speed rail line near Lyon. It was supposed to explode when a train passed. Fingerprints of Khaled Kelkal and Boualem Bensaïd were found on the bomb. The leader of the group, Khaled Kelkal was quickly identified and his picture appeared all over France.[5] Bombing attacks continued with an attack on 3 September at an open market in the 11th arrondissement of Paris, causing three injuries; and on 7 September when a car bomb exploded near a Jewish school in Villeurbanne, a town near Lyon, causing thirteen injuries.[6]

The wanted suspect, Khaled Kelkal, was killed on 29 September by members of the French EPIGN gendarmerie unit near Lyon as he resisted arrest.[7] Nonetheless, the attacks continued on 6 October, the day of Khaled Kelkal’s funeral; another gas bottle exploded in the Maison Blanche station of the Paris Métro, wounding twelve people. Boualem Bensaïd’s fingerprints were again found on the bomb. The next day, a statement from GIA commander Djamel Zitouni, written on 23 September, arrived at the Reuters press agency in Cairo. He said the "Jihad"- the "military strikes at the heart of France", were intended to punish it for supporting the Algerian government. A letter was also sent to Jacques Chirac through the French Embassy in Algiers, urging him to convert to Islam.[8]

On 17 October a gas bottle exploded between the Musée d'Orsay and Saint-Michel–Notre-Dame stations of RER Line C, wounding 29. Investigators found a transportation card on Smaïn Aït Ali Belkacem used a few minutes before the attack in a nearby underground station.[9]

Additional bombs were found and cleared without casualties during morning searches of Metro and RER stations, often in public toilets. Increased security required the removal of all public bins, to prevent bombs from being hidden inside.[citation needed]

Arrests and trials

Members of the Armed Islamic Group and the "Kelkal Group" have since been prosecuted on various charges. Some suspects fled to the United Kingdom. Extradition proceedings against Rachid Ramda began in 1995 and went on for nearly ten years, during which Ramda remained detained in London's Belmarsh Prison.[10] Ramda was eventually extradited to France on 1 December 2005 in connection with the bombings.[11] On 26 October 2007 Ramda was sentenced to life in prison for financing the attacks.[12]

According to FBI terrorism consultant Evan Kohlmann, part of the money used to finance the bombings came from people connected to the Brandbergen Mosque in Haninge, Sweden.[13]

Aftermath

Algeria-France relations were heavily affected by these events. Jacques Chirac refused to meet with Algerian ministers, openly saying that the GIA could have been manipulated by the Algerian secret services.[14]

Legislation on terrorism in France was reinforced with a new law in 1996, allowing police forces to perform searches at night.[15] The French government also suspended the Schengen Acquis which allows free movement across borders within Europe, keeping the restrictions in place until March 1996.[16]

Vigipirate, the French national security alert system was activated in September 1995 as a result of the attacks, and is still in place in 2020.[17] The crisis only lessened when Lionel Jospin became prime minister in 1997 and Abdelaziz Bouteflika became the new Algerian president in 1999.[18]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ "Rachid Ramda jugé pour l'ultime procès des attentats de 1995", in Libération, 1 October 2007 read on-line (in French)
  2. ^ France 2 News, July, 25th 1994 on INA website
  3. ^ Julien Lariège, Islamistes algériens au cœur de l'Europe, Ellipses, 2005, p. 113
  4. ^ France 2 News, 17 August 1994 on INA website
  5. ^ Hassane Zerrouky, "Attentats de 1995: comment le GIA a tissé sa toile", L’Humanité, 1 June 1999
  6. ^ Shay, Shaul (5 July 2017). The Globalization of Terror: The Challenge of Al-Qaida and the Response of the International Community. ISBN 9781351482165.
  7. ^ Franck, Johannes; Fromentin, Bernard. "La bande-son de la fin de Khaled Kelkal". Liberation. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  8. ^ Christophe Ayad et Franck Johannes, "Au lendemain de l'explosion d'une bombe à Paris, un message attribué au Groupe islamique armé dénonce le soutien français au régime d'Alger Un texte signé du GIA revendique la vague d'attentats et prône le 'jihad' en France", Libération, 9 October 1995
  9. ^ Sophie Bouniot, "Des dénégations absurdes face aux preuves irréfutables" [archive], humanite.fr, 24 October 2002
  10. ^ "Terrorism and the law: The non-trial". The Economist, 20 October 2005.
  11. ^ UK sends back Metro bomb accused, BBC, 1 December 2005 (in English)
  12. ^ French court convicts Algerian of Paris bombings[dead link]
  13. ^ Petersson, Claes (13 July 2005). "Terrorbas i Sverige" (in Swedish). Aftonbladet. Archived from the original on 6 December 2006. Retrieved 3 March 2007.
  14. ^ Une politique de l’oubli. La mémoire de la guerre en France et en Algérie, Le sociographe, number 46, June 2014, pp. 85–95
  15. ^ Laurent Bonelli, "Les caractéristiques de l'antiterrorisme français: "Parer les coups plutôt que panser les plaies"", http://www.lemonde.fr, 11 September 2008
  16. ^ Jean Quatremer, "Jacques Chirac verrouille les frontières françaises. L'entrée en vigueur de Schengen serait repoussée.", Libération, 20 September 1995
  17. ^ Matthieu Suc, "Vigipirate : la permanence d’un état d’exception", Le Monde, 7 September 2015
  18. ^ Guy Pervillé, "Vingt ans après 1995: les attentats de Paris, Lyon et Lille reconsidérés", http://www.lefigaro.fr, 24 July 2015
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