Events
In May 1995, Jacques Chirac (RPR right-wing party) had been elected president with a close vote of 57 to 43 . The new prime minister, Alain Juppé, then proposed an extensive program of welfare cutbacks, the Juppé Plan, which intended to reduce the budget deficit from 5% to 3% as required by the 1993 Maastricht Treaty. October and November saw a students' movement against the conservative agenda of the new government and its perceived attack on women's rights, notably the right to abortion and contraception.[1] On 10 October around 57% of civil servants gathered, which is around 50000 people, in a national strike against the policy changes proposed. Despite the concentrated demonstration of dislike for the policies Juppé refused to change the policy and the unions warned him of additional strikes. The strikes resumed 10 November when the transportation workers around France banded to protest the policy causing disruption in train and airway systems and touching as many as 80 cities in France. Despite the strikes Juppé announced the firmness of his position on the policy on 15 November which further angered Union workers around France.[3]
After the announcement on 15 November the Unions grew angrier and organized additional strikes. First there was a strike by the General Confederation of Labor(CGT) on 24 November as a show of discontent to Juppé sternness on the policy. This strike fewer civil servants attended, however it was heavily influenced by the transportation workers in France who shut down most of buses, trains and subway systems making the effects of the strike more palpable than the ones before. Witnessing the massive emergence of the strikes the government opened the avenue of discussion for resolution, however the discussion was not fruitful and Parisians returned to square zero. Afterwards on 28 November approximately 60000 Parisians banded for another strike fueling the protests than have been taking place. The infrastructure of Paris was paralyzed once more and the strikers claimed that they would continue indefinitely. Juppé tried to mitigate damage by hiring private buses and cars but the effort was stopped in its tracks by Parisians.[3]
Further along in December, the railway workers were called out on strike against the Juppé Plan by their unions nationwide, and this paralyzed France's railway system in addition to the city infrastructure. The main grievances for the railway workers were the loss of the right to retire at age 55 and an SNCF restructuring plan that was to eliminate thousands of jobs, and which was imposed on the workers by SNCF management without negotiation. The railway workers were joined by Paris's metro personnel, postal workers, school teachers, and other public workers on 12 December snowballing the strikes out of control. The last strike on 12 December counted up to 1 million Parisian gathering causing an existential threat to French government leading to forced discussion. The strike was called off on 15 December, when Juppé dropped the retirement reform plan and most workers returned to work by 16 December.[3]